Method to Select Target Wells and Target Zones for the Technique of Water Plugging

Water shutoff is an effective way to enhance oil recovery and lower water production. It is crucial to select target wells and target zones properly, otherwise, the effect of water shutoff may be disturbed. Traditionally, the job to select target wells and target zones is always done artificially and imprecisely, as a result, water shutoff does not perform as good as it can. This paper proposes a fuzzy method capable of optimizing the selection of target wells and target zones for water shutoff. This study plays a significant role in the technique of water shutoff

Optimization Study of Combination Energy-Saving Measure for Mechanical Oil Production Well

In this paper, Fibonacci optimization-searching method and Golden section method are applied for optimization of combination energy-saving measure. And technology evaluating for several main energy-saving equipment and combination installations is made. The optimal energy-saving installation is determined by using the method established

Laboratory Experiment on Inaccessible Pore Volume of Polymer Flooding

The research on inaccessible pore volume is completed on the basis of laboratory experiments. The experiment prepared 4 different kinds of polymers, whose molecular weight are 8 million, 12 million, 16 million and 20 million whose molecular coil size are measured by light blockage counter. Through kerosene mass method we can get pore cumulative distribution of field cores and finally plot the relation between the inaccessible pore volume and molecular coil size of polymer. The size of small pore where primary water was taken as the minimum number polymer coils can be passed. Then the polymer molecular weight with better compatibility with rock pores is optimized.The study shows with the increase of polymer relative molecular mass, pore volume increased linearly. The conclusion can better guide the selection of the polymers in practical production.

Research and Field Application of Casing Return Well Treatment Technology in Fuyu Oil Field

At present, due to years of development and well pattern adjustment, there are some problems in most oil fields such as close well spacing, dense well pattern, too many oil-water wells, and changeable well conditions. In the process of overhaul, casings in some well are seriously broken, and spit mudstone is serious inside and outside the casing, so the traditional technologies such as overhaul and drawing casing, sweeping plug cannot achieve effective management purposes, and the problem of casing breaking in oil-water wells is becoming increasingly serious, which has become an unfavorable factors restricting the stable productions and efficient development of oil field. Through careful analysis of casing leap mechanism, the casing leap treatment technology has been formed in the process of continuous exploration and summary, which provides some experience and guidance for the future casing leap treatment

Modular Frame Method Plugging in Fuyu Problem Well for Treatment Application

In Fuyu oil field wells spit mudstone serious, sloughing, lost the problems on the top of the fish, take relief well construction method, using new drilling trajectory, through reservoir perforated interval as China Unicom media, from and old wells trajectory formed a U-shaped connecting device, eventually set up a China Unicom, so as to implement to new wells trajectory cement injection to sealed wells eyes return channel to. The technology to solve casing fault at the lower part of the fish top completely lost without channel, shallow mudstone strata serious collapse and leakage, et in sleeve and a lot of spit mudstone and operation cannot on the lower part of wellbore and reservoir were blocked. In the communication of the trajectory of the new and old wells by chemical plugging agent and augmented injection provided measures of pressure, relative effective reduces the invalid diversion effect, improve good communication relationship between new and old wells eyes and Unicom performance, finally realizes the effective sealing effect. In the field application, it has achieved good results, effectively blocking the difficult wells, and provides a new method for the safety management of Fuyu oilfield

Study on Preparation and Performance of High Swelling Bentonite

For improving the expansibility of natural Ca-based bentonite (Ca-Bent), the Ca-Bent was modified withsodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)-Na2CO3 complex agent by microwave semi-dry method. And theratio of Na2CO3 to SDBS, microwave power, radiation time and initial temperature on the modification werestudied. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and infra-red spectrum (IR) were carried out tocharacterize , which obtain microstructure of samples. The result showed that the optimized experimentalparameters are obtained as follows: Na2CO3 to SDBS ratio 1:1, radiation time 2min, microwave power 600Wand initial temperature 120K. Besides, under the optimization conditions, the modified bentonite has swellingvolume of 68.5mL/g, cation exchange capacity of 56.2mmol/102g and yield point and plastic viscosity ratioof 1.67, respectively. A comparison of the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment indicates thatthe SDBS and Na2CO3 have synergistic effect in the process of modification, especially, under the optimummicrowave condition, Na2CO3 increased the anion activity of SDBS, which enhanced the hydrophilicity ofmodified bentonite. The experimental result show that the process improves the swelling volume of bentoniteand the comprehensive performance. So, the modified bentonite was a perfect additive in water drilling mud.Keywords: Ca-Bent, SDBS-Na2CO3 complex agent, high swelling

Targeting JUN, CEBPB, and HDAC3: A Novel Strategy to Overcome Drug Resistance in Hypoxic Glioblastoma

Hypoxia is a predominant feature in glioblastoma (GBM) and contributes greatly to its drug resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms which are responsible for the development of the resistant phenotype of GBM under hypoxic conditions remain unclear. To analyze the key pathways promoting therapy resistance in hypoxic GBM, we utilized the U87-MG cell line as a human GBM cell model and the human brain HEB cell line as a non-neoplastic brain cell model. These cell lines were cultured in the presence of 21, 5, and 1% O2 for 24 h. We detected the changes in transcriptional profiling and analyzed the biological processes and functional interactions for the genes with different expression levels under different hypoxia conditions. The results indicated that those alterations of U87-MG cells presented specific transcriptional signature in response to diverse hypoxia levels. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the genes related to the DNA replication and cell cycle were suppressed, while the genes involved in tissue and system development to promote cancer development were activated following hypoxia. Moreover, functional interaction analysis suggested that the epigenetic regulator HDAC3 and the transcriptional factors CEBPB and JUN played a central role in organ and system developmental process pathway. Previous studies reported the global alterations caused by activation of HDAC3, CEBPB, and JUN could form the molecular basis of the resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy of hypoxic GBM. In our study, the significant growth inhibitory effect of temozolomide on hypoxic GBM cells could be promoted under downregulation of these genes. The experiment suggested that HDAC3, CEBPB, and JUN were closely involved in the drug-resistance phenotype of hypoxic GBM. In summary, we profiled the hypoxia-dependent changes in the transcriptome of the U87-MG cell line and the human brain cell line HEB to identify the transcriptional signatures of U87-MG cells and elucidate the role of hypoxia in the drug-resistant phenotype of GBM. Furthermore, we identified three key genes and explored their important roles in the drug resistance of hypoxic GBM

Molecular Characterization, Phylogenetic, Expression, and Protective Immunity Analysis of OmpF, a Promising Candidate Immunogen Against Yersinia ruckeri Infection in Channel Catfish

Outer membrane porins, as the major components of Gram-negative bacterial membrane proteins, have been proven to be involved in interactions with the host immune system and potent protective antigen candidates against bacterial infection in fish. Outer membrane porin F (OmpF) is one of the major porins of Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri), the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease of salmonid and non-salmonid fish. In the present study, the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of OmpF gene was studied, heterogenous expression, immunogenicity and protective immunity of OmpF were systemically evaluated as a subunit vaccine for channel catfish against Y. ruckeri infection. The results showed that OmpF gene was highly conserved among 15 known Yersinia species based on the analysis of conserved motifs, sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree, and was subjected to negative/purifying selection with global dN/dS ratios value of 0.649 throughout the evolution. Besides, OmpF was also identified to have immunogenicity by western blotting and was verified to be located on the surface of Y. ruckeri using cell surface staining and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Moreover, recombinant OmpF (rtOmpF) as a subunit vaccine was injected with commercial adjuvant ISA763, significantly enhanced the immune response by increasing serum antibody levels, lysozyme activity, complement C3 activity, total protein content, SOD activity, immune-related genes expression in the head kidney and spleen, and survival percent of channel catfish against Y. ruckeri infection. Thus, our present results not only enriched the information of molecular characterization and phylogenetics of OmpF, but also demonstrated that OmpF holds promise to be used as a potential antigen against Y. ruckeri infection in fish