Area Query Processing Based on Gray Code in Wireless Sensor Networks

Area query processing is significant for various applications of wireless sensor networks since it can request information of particular areas in the monitored environment. Existing query processing techniques cannot solve area queries. Intuitively centralized processing on Base Station can accomplish area queries via collecting information from all sensor nodes. However, this method is not suitable for wireless sensor networks with limited energy since a large amount of energy is wasted for reporting useless data. This motivates us to propose an energy-efficient in-network area query processing scheme. In our scheme, the monitored area is partitioned into grids, and a unique gray code number is used to represent a Grid ID (GID), which is also an effective way to describe an area. Furthermore, a reporting tree is constructed to process area merging and data aggregations. Based on the properties of GIDs, subareas can be merged easily and useless data can be discarded as early as possible to reduce energy consumption. For energy-efficiently answering continuous queries, we also design an incremental update method to continuously generate query results. In essence, all of these strategies are pivots to conserve energy consumption. With a thorough simulation study, it is shown that our scheme is effective and energy-efficient

Expression and function analysis of wheat expasin genes expa2 and expb1

Expansins are a group of plant cell wall loosening proteins that play important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we performed the first study on the molecular characterization, transcriptional expression and functional properties of two wheat expansin genes TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1. The results indicated that TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes had typical structural features of plant expansin gene family. As a member of alpha-expansins, TaEXPA2 is closely related to rice OsEXPA17 while the beta-expansin member TaEXPB1 has closely phylogenetic relationships with rice OsEXPAB4. The genetic transformation to Arabidopsis showed that both TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 were located in cell wall and highly expressed in roots, leaves and seeds. Overexpression of TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes showed similar functions, causing rapid root elongation, early bolting, and increases in leaves number, rosette diameter and stems length. These results demonstrated that wheat expansin genes TaEXPA1 and TaEXPB2 can enhance plant growth and development

The similar and different evolutionary trends of MATE family occurred between rice and Arabidopsis thaliana

Expression profiles of Arabidopsis MATE genes under various stress. (TIFF 5235 kb

Characterization of the fertilization independent endosperm (FIE) gene from soybean

Reproduction of angiosperm plants initiates from two fertilization events: an egg fusing with a sperm to form an embryo and a second sperm fusing with the central cell to generate an endosperm. The tryptophan-aspartate (WD) domain polycomb protein encoded by fertilization independent endosperm (FIE) gene, has been known as a repressor of hemeotic genes by interacting with other polycomb proteins, and suppresses endosperm development until fertilization. In this study, one Glycine max FIE (GmFIE) gene was cloned and its expression in different tissues, under cold and drought treatments, was analyzed using both bioinformatics and experimental methods. GmFIE showed high expression in reproductive tissues and was responsive to stress treatments, especially induced by cold. GmFIE overexpression lines of transgenic Arabidopsis were generated and analyzed. Delayed flowering was observed from most transgenic lines compared to that of wild type. Overexpression of GmFIE in Arabidopsis also leads to semi-fertile of the plants.Keywords: Polycomb proteins, fertilization independent endosperm (FIE), Glycine max, Arabidopsis thalian

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of unusual x-type hmw glutenin subunits from 1s(l) genome of aegilops longissima

Wheat related diploid species Ae. longissima (2n=2x=14, (SSl)-S-l) has extensive storage protein variations that may provide useful gene resources for wheat quality improvement. In this work, five novel 1S(l)-encoded x-type high molecular glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) were identified and designated as 1S(l)x-123, 1S(l)x-129, 1S(l)x1-136, 1S(l)x2-136 and 1S(l)x2.2, respectively. Their complete open reading frames (ORFs) were cloned and sequenced by AS-PCR, which contained 2874 bp (956 aa) for 1S(l)x-123, 2946 bp (979 aa) for 1S(l)x-129, 2901 bp (965 aa) for 1S(l)x1-136, 2982bp (991 aa) for 1S(l)x2-136 and 2928 bp (974 aa) for 1S(l)x2.2. Molecular characterization demonstrated that five unusual subunits had greater repetitive domains resulted from a larger fragment insertion (74-113 aa). Particularly, 1S(l)x-129 had an extra cysteine residue at the position 109 due to a TAT -> TGT dot mutation, which may improve the formation of superior gluten macropolymer. Our results suggest that these unusual HMW-GS could be served as potential superior gene resources for improving wheat gluten quality. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HMW-GS genes from Glu-1Sx genomes had close evolutionary relationships with those of Glu-1Dx genome while sequences from Ae. speltoides aligned with those of B genome

Genome-scale identification of Soybean BURP domain-containing genes and their expression under stress treatments

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Multiple proteins containing BURP domain have been identified in many different plant species, but not in any other organisms. To date, the molecular function of the BURP domain is still unknown, and no systematic analysis and expression profiling of the gene family in soybean (<it>Glycine max</it>) has been reported.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, multiple bioinformatics approaches were employed to identify all the members of BURP family genes in soybean. A total of 23 BURP gene types were identified. These genes had diverse structures and were distributed on chromosome 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 18. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these BURP family genes could be classified into 5 subfamilies, and one of which defines a new subfamily, BURPV. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of transcript levels showed that 15 of the 23 genes had no expression specificity; 7 of them were specifically expressed in some of the tissues; and one of them was not expressed in any of the tissues or organs studied. The results of stress treatments showed that 17 of the 23 identified BURP family genes responded to at least one of the three stress treatments; 6 of them were not influenced by stress treatments even though a stress related <it>cis</it>-element was identified in the promoter region. No stress related <it>cis</it>-elements were found in promoter region of any BURPV member. However, qRT-PCR results indicated that all members from BURPV responded to at least one of the three stress treatments. More significantly, the members from the RD22-like subfamily showed no tissue-specific expression and they all responded to each of the three stress treatments.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We have identified and classified all the BURP domain-containing genes in soybean. Their expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments were detected using qRT-PCR. 15 out of 23 BURP genes in soybean had no tissue-specific expression, while 17 out of them were stress-responsive. The data provided an insight into the evolution of the gene family and suggested that many BURP family genes may be important for plants responding to stress conditions.</p

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of one omega-gliadin gene from aegilops speltoides l.

Gliadins, as the major components of wheat storage proteins, determine the extensibility properties of dough and have important effects on flour processing quality. Wheat related species carries potential storage protein gene resources for quality improvement. In this study, we isolated and characterized the first complete omega-gliadin gene Omega-AS from Aegilops speltoides L. (2n = 2x = 14, SS) by allelic-specific PCR and investigated its phylogenetic relationships among Triticum and Aegilops species. Molecular structure showed that Omega-AS gene consisted of 1122 bp encoding 373 amino acid residues with deduced molecular mass 41379.21 Da. Omega-AS gene was exceptionally rich in prolines and glutamines with fewer methionine and no cysteine. Sequence characterization and epitope analysis showed that three epitopes QQPIPVQPQQ, TQPQQPTPIQ and IQPQQPFPQQ were absent in Omega-AS gene encoded protein, indicating its potential value for wheat quality improvement with less toxic, or no toxic peptides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Omega-AS was closely related to gliadin genes of wheat and related species and its divergence from bread wheat was more recently (less than 1.243 MYA). Heterologous expression showed that Omega-AS gene could successfully express with a high level in E. coli under the control of T-7 promoter. The transcription expression pattern of Omega AS gene during grain development detected by qRT-PCR revealed that the highest expression level occurred at 17 days post anthesis

Efekti doze gena kod hordeina u triploidnom endospermu ječma (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The presence of two maternal chromosome sets in triploid barley endosperm allows the distinction of maternal and paternal hordein bands in an electrophoregram: the maternal bands are stronger due to the higher gene dose. In the F1 generation there are differences between reciprocal crosses and in the F2 generation all 16 classes that are theoretically possible for a pair of polymorphic loci can be distinguished. This full classification is rarely possible in genetic studies, and allows more accurate estimates of recombination rates. Two hordein gene clusters (Hor1 and Hor2, corresponding to hordein C and hordein B respectively) were analyzed in hybrids obtained by crossing two winter barley cultivars Partizan and HWV-247. Hordein separation was performed by acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2 (A-PAGE). A set of most informative bands of B and C hordeins was selected in each cross by two criteria: (1) presence or absence of bands in the parents and (2) signal strength to allow doses scoring. The average genetic distance between Hor1 and Hor2 loci was 11 cM. Distances in male and female maps were not significantly different, suggesting a similar recombination rate in male and female meiosis.Prisustvo dva majčinska seta hromozoma u triploidnom endospermu zrna ječma omogućuje razlikovanje hordeinskih traka u elektroforegramu koje potiču od majke i oca: majčinske komponente su jače ispoljene usled dejstva efekta doze gena. U F1 generaciji vidljive su razlike kod recipročnog ukrštanja, a u F2 generaciji je moguće razlikovati svih 16 teoretski očekivanih klasa za par polimorfnih lokusa. Ova potpuna klasifikacija redak je fenomen u genetičkim studijama te zbog toga omogućuje precizniju procenu rekombinacija. Dve grupe hordeinskih gena, Hor1 i Hor2 koji kodiraju C I B hordeine, su analizirane kod hibrida nastalih ukrštanjem dve ozime sorte ječma Partizan i HWV-247. Separacija hordeina je izvršena primenom kisele poliakrilamidne gel elektriforeze pri pH 3.2 (A-PAGE). Set najinformativnijih hordeinskih trajka za B i C hordeine je odabran na osnovu sledećih kriterijuma: (1) prisustvo ili odsustvo trake kod roditelja i (2) jačina signala koja omogućava ocenu efekta doze gena. Prosečna genetička distance između Hor1 i Hor2 lokusa bila je 11 cM. Genetičke distance kod roditeljskih komponenti nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale što sugeriše sličnu distribuciju rekombinacija u obe mejoze