A Simple Method to Continuous Measurement of Energy Consumption of Tank Less Gas Water Heaters for Commercial Buildings

energy consumptions of hot water supply in restaurants or residential houses are large amount, guidelines for optimal design are not presented. measurements of energy consumption of tank less gas water heaters very difficult unless gas flow meters were installed. however a gas flow meters is hardly installed for individual heater. in this study, a simple method to estimate gas consumption of such appliances form temperature of exhaust gas and electric current was presented. experiments of japanese major hot water gas heaters were conducted change under conditions of various water flow rate at constant output temperature. the empirical equations, which related gas consumption to exhaust gas temperature and operative current, were obtained for each type of water heaters, each manufacturer and overall heaters. verification of the method was conducted at a commercial building. some thresholds to decide status of operation, such as anti-freeze operation, were set, and sufficient accuracy of around 10 % error was achieved

Cold-shock eliminates female nucleus in fertilized eggs to induce androgenesis in the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), a teleost fish

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Androgenesis (all-male inheritance) is generally induced by means of irradiating the eggs to inactivate the maternal genome, followed by fertilization with normal sperm. In fish, the conventional technique for induced androgenesis has been applied for rapid fixation to traits, recovery of cryopreserved genotypes, sex-control, etc. A new method of androgenesis that eliminates the need to irradiate the egg was proposed using the loach, <it>Misgurnus anguillicaudatus </it>(a teleost fish).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When the eggs of wild-type females were fertilized with sperm of albino or orange phenotype males and cold-shocked at 0 to 3°C for 60 min duration just after fertilization, generally more than 30% (with a peak of 100%) of the hatched progeny were androgenotes. While a few of them were the normal diploid, most of them turned out to be abnormal haploid. All-male inheritance was verified by the expression of the recessive color trait (albino or orange) and microsatellite genotypes comprising only paternally derived alleles. Nuclear behavior after the cold-shock treatment was traced by microscopic observation of DAPI (4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained samples and hematoxylin-eosin stained histological sections, and the extrusion of egg (maternal) nucleus was observed in eggs treated in the optimum timing.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this paper, we demonstrate that cold-shock treatment (at 0 and 3°C) of loach eggs for 60 min just after fertilization successfully induces androgenetic haploid development. The most likely mechanism of cold-shock induced androgenesis is an elimination of the egg nucleus together along with the second polar body and subsequent development of a decondensed sperm nucleus or male pronucleus.</p

A Method for On-Going Commissioning of VRV Package Systems Using a Simulation Model

Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) systems, which have several indoor units and a single outdoor unit, have become very popular HVAC systems in Japan. However, some systems may be operated under inefficient conditions and consume excessive energy, since verification of system performance is not conducted. Although the performance of systems should be evaluated by some indices such as coefficient of performance (COP), calculating such a value is difficult, because the heat load handled by machines is not known. A simulation model based on a refrigeration cycle was proposed to evaluate system performance. Basic conditions for evaporation and condensation were defined from conditions provided in Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS). Flow rate of refrigerant was calculated from heat load under full occupancy and enthalpy difference of the evaporator. If power consumption exceeds the calculated value, malfunctions or inadequate conditions are considered to occur. The method presented here can be used for on-going commissioning of VRV package systems

Energy Conservation in University bu Ildings by Energy Pattern Analysis Using Clustering Technique

The energy demand of the building sector is increasing rapidly, driven by the improved access to energy in developing countries, greater ownership and use of energy-consuming devices, and rapid growth in building floor area. Energy demands in the building sector account for more than 30% of the total energy consumption and more than 55% of the global electricity demand. Efforts to develop sustainable buildings are progressing but are still not keeping up with the growing building sector and the rising demand for energy. Analyzing the energy consumption pattern of the buildings and planning for energy conservation in existing buildings are essential. In this research we proposed a method to analzse the energy pattern of university buildings using K-means clustering method. Energy consumption in Science, non-science and office buildings of university is analyzed and their respective base energy, energy consumption due to human activities and air-conditioning energy consumption is calculated. The proposed method is successful in classifying the energy consumption and will prove to be helpful in the planning of energy conservation in buildings