DETAILED RESEARCH ON RICH-LEAN TYPE SINGLE SECTOR COMBUSTOR FOR SMALL AIRCRAFT ENGINE TESTED UNDER PRACTICAL CONDITIONS UP TO 3MPA

ABSTRACT In the TechCLEAN project of JAXA, experimental research has been conducted to develop a combustor for a small aircraft engine. The combustor was tuned to show the behavior of the Rich-Lean combustion through tests under atmospheric and practical conditions. Finally, through full annular combustion experiments under practical conditions, the combustor was tuned to reduce NOx emissions to almost 40% of the ICAO CAEP4 standard, also sustaining low CO and THC emissions. To investigate the performance of the combustor in detail, parametric experiments were conducted with single-sector combustors under additional test conditions in addition to design conditions of the target engine. Also the performance as a combustor for higherefficient aircraft engine is examined by increasing inlet air pressure and temperature up to 3MPa and 825K in combustion tests. Obtained results of emission characteristics are discussed in this report

Visualization of pilot flame of an optically-accessible coaxially-staged aero-engine lean-burn fuel injector

[EN] The visualization of the pilot flame of a coaxially-staged aero-engine lean-burn fuel injector, not only downstream but also inside of the pilot nozzle, was successfully performed at realistic aero-engine conditions. Optical access toward the inside of the nozzle was achieved through the inner and outer shrouds, both of which were made of transparent quartz. The image distortion caused by complex contours of the two shrouds was corrected by a method based on optical ray tracing, which realized precise determination of spatial intensity distribution of optical signals. Line-of-sight OH chemiluminescence, cross-sectional OH-LIF, kerosene LIF and kerosene Mie scattering were employed as diagnostic tools. The effects of pilot local air-to-fuel ratio on spray flame structure were revealed, both inside and downstream of the pilot nozzle under stable combustions. As the pilot mixture got rich, the main reaction zone moved from inside of the pilot nozzle to the region near the injector lip downstream of the injector exit. The OH-LIF signal was detected near the central axis surrounded by the fuel spray. It was also observed near the back-step of the pilot nozzle for the rich cases. The experiments under combustion oscillation were also conducted and the correlation of phenomena inside and downstream of the pilot nozzle was captured. It was clarified that the reaction enhancement in the outer part of the lip vortex region was caused by the convection of rich mixture, which appeared near the pilot atomizer lip at 150~210deg earlier oscillation phase angle.Matsuura, K.; Uesaka, S.; Iwasaki, T.; Kurosawa, Y.; Yamada, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Hayashi, S. (2017). Visualization of pilot flame of an optically-accessible coaxially-staged aero-engine lean-burn fuel injector. En Ilass Europe. 28th european conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 855-872. https://doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.475285587

Study of quantum effects on atomic displacements in quartz

金沢大学理工研究域数物科学系The crystal structure of quartz (SiO2) was analyzed by neutron powder diffraction at several temperatures in the range of 10–250 K. The temperature dependence of the structure parameters was consistent with our previous results obtained using single-crystal X-ray diffraction above room temperature. Atomic displacements are order parameters for displacive structural phase transitions. The temperature evolution of Si atomic displacement in quartz was analyzed by studying the quantum expansion of the Landau potential. The expansion was found to accurately describe the evolution of the atomic displacement over the entire temperature interval. To the best of our knowledge, such a verification of atomic displacement is the first of its kind. A proportional relationship between spontaneous strain and the square of the atomic displacement was observed over the entire temperature interval. The validity of the obtained characteristic temperature for the quantum effect is discussed and compared with the results of previous Raman-scattering studies

Hierarchical Cluster and Region of Interest Analyses Based on Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Human Brain Tumours

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has been rarely used to examine specimens of human brain tumours. In the current study, high quality brain tumour samples were selected by tissue observation. Further, IMS analysis was combined with a new hierarchical cluster analysis (IMS-HCA) and region of interest analysis (IMS-ROI). IMS-HCA was successful in creating groups consisting of similar signal distribution images of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and related multiple proteins in primary brain tumours. This clustering data suggested the relation of GFAP and these identified proteins in the brain tumorigenesis. Also, high levels of histone proteins, haemoglobin subunit α, tubulins, and GFAP were identified in a metastatic brain tumour using IMS-ROI. Our results show that IMS-HCA and IMS-ROI are promising techniques for identifying biomarkers using brain tumour samples

X-ray diffraction study of spontaneous strain in superconducting Ba0.6 K0.4 BiO3

金沢大学理工研究域数物科学系The lattice parameter of Ba0.6 K0.4 BiO3, which is a well-studied conventional superconductor, was measured by the X-ray Rietveld method between 10 K and room temperature. A very small change in the lattice parameter could be detected in the superconducting phase. The change could be attributed to a spontaneous strain generated in the superconducting phase by the coupling between a superconducting order parameter and the strain. Previously published data on Y Ba2 Cu3 O6.5 and MgB2 were analyzed, and the present results were compared with our previously obtained results on La1.85 Sr0.15 CuO4. It was concluded that this coupling phenomenon is common to all superconductors. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect

WSTĘP. Tiazolidinediony (TZD) to grupa leków zwiększających wrażliwość na insulinę, które stosuje się w leczeniu cukrzycy typu 2. Działają one także przeciwmiażdżycowo. Celem badania było wyjaśnienie zależności między przeciwmiażdżycowym a przeciwcukrzycowym działaniem pioglitazonu, leku z grupy TZD, u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2. MATERIAŁ I METODY. W badaniu wzięło udział 136 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 narodowości japońskiej. Uczestników podzielono na 2 grupy: chorych leczonych pioglitazonem w dawce 30 mg na dobę przez 3 miesiące (n = 70) oraz pacjentów niepoddanych leczeniu (grupę kontrolną, n = 66). Podczas badania kontrolowano zmiany metabolizmu glikolipidów, stężenia w osoczu białka C-reaktywnego (CRP, C-reactive protein), leptyny i adiponektyny oraz prędkość fali tętna (PWV, pulse-wave velocity), aby przeanalizować zależność między przeciwmiażdżycowym a przeciwcukrzycowym działaniem pioglitazonu. WYNIKI. U osób leczonych pioglitazonem stwierdzono istotne obniżenie hiperglikemii, hiperinsulinemii i stężenia HbA1c oraz wzrost stężenia adiponektyny w osoczu w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną (p < 0,01). Ponadto, odnotowano istotne obniżenie stężenia CRP i PWV (p < 0,01). Przeciwmiażdżycowe działanie pioglitazonu zaobserwowano zarówno u pacjentów, u których nie uzyskano poprawy wyrównania cukrzycy, a redukcja stężenia HbA1c wynosiła poniżej 1% (n = 30) (nonresponders, osoby niepodatne na leczenie), jak i u chorych z dobrą odpowiedzią na terapię (responders, osoby podatne na leczenie), u których redukcja stężenia HbA1c przekraczała 1% (n = 40). Stosując model ANCOVA wykazano, że leczenie pioglitazonem wiązało się z niskimi wartościami CRP i PWV, niezależnie od zmian parametrów związanych z metabolizmem glukozy. WNIOSKI. W omawianym badaniu po raz pierwszy przedstawiono przeciwmiażdżycowe działanie pioglitazonu zarówno u chorych podatnych, jak i niepodatnych na przeciwcukrzycowe działanie leku. Wyniki badania sugerują, że pioglitazon może wywierać efekt przeciwmiażdżycowy niezależnie od wpływu na glikemię.INTRODUCTION. Thiazolidinediones (TZD), a class of insulin-sensitizing agents used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes, are also antiatherogenic. This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between the antiatherogenic and antidiabetic effects of pioglitazone, a TZD, in type diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A total of 136 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients were included and divided into two groups: the pioglitazone-treated group (30 mg daily 3 months) (n = 70) and the untreated control group (n = 66). The changes in glycolipid metabolism as well as plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, adiponectin, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were monitored to analyze the relationship between the antiatherogenic and antidiabetic effects of pioglitazone. RESULTS. The pioglitazone treatment significantly reduced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and HbA1c levels and increased plasma adiponectin concentrations relative to the control group (P < 0.01). It also significantly decreased CRP and PWV (P < 0.01). The antiatherogenic effect was observed in both the nonresponders showing < 1% of reduction in HbA1c (n = 30) and responders showing > 1% of reduction (n = 40). ANCOVA revealed that treatment with pioglitazone was associated with a low CRP and PWV, independent of the changes in parameters related to glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS. This study represents the first demonstration of the antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in both nonresponders and responders with respect to its antidiabetic effect and suggests that pioglitazone can exert its antiatherogenic effect independently of its antidiabetic effect