Mobilizing the (Im)Mobile Museum Through Hybrid Curation: A Story of Hybrid Curation of Cultural Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This narrative research report summarizes the experiences of Vivid Ethnicity, a mobile anthropological museum of the Museum of Cultural Anthropology at Mahidol University, Thailand, during the lockdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2022. Although Vivid Ethnicity was rendered immobile and forced to stop travelling during the pandemic, it developed a hybrid curatorial method to stay connected and engaged with its audiences and research partners in two ethnic villages in Chiang Mai province. A key lesson of this experience is that hands-on information and communication technologies can help maintain a certain proximity with the audiences and research partners in times of physical absence. We also learned that an empathetic mindset on the part of everyone involved in the project, along with a human-centric design, are crucial components of what we call the hybrid curation of cultural practice

Government use licenses in Thailand: The power of evidence, civil movement and political leadership

This paper attempts to describe and analyse the policy processes that led to the granting and implementation of the government use licenses to enable the import and production of generic versions of medicines patented in Thailand. The decision to grant the series of government use licenses was taken despite much domestic and international controversy. The paper demonstrates that the policy processes leading to the granting of government use licenses are a successful application of the concept of "the triangle that moves the mountain". This is a well-known conceptualisation of a philosophical and strategic approach to public policy advocacy in Thailand, which propounds that the effective bridging of three powers; a.) Knowledge and evidence generated by research and analysis, b.) Civil society movements and public support, and c.) Leadership of policy makers and politicians; in a synergistic "triangle" can move "mountains", meaning the resolution of seemingly insurmountable problems. The paper provides insights into the policy context for the decision and analyses the roles of key actors, their motivations and the policy processes in the country

Health and economic implications of patent protection for pharmaceuticals : a case study of Thailand

Thai patent law was amended to comply with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement in 1992, eight years before the effective date required. Some 15 years later, during 2006-2008, Thailand issued compulsory licenses (CL) for seven medicines. Although this was allowed under TRIPS flexibilities, it has generated debate, both within Thailand and internationally, concerning whether, on balance, Thailand has benefitted from the restricted patent legislation resulting from TRIPS, or the unrestricting of it through CL. The debate arises because those concerned principally with health consider patents to lead to reduced access to essential medicines, and hence reduced health, whereas those principally concerned with trade see patents as the means to secure development and availability of new medicines and foreign investment. This thesis aims to understand better the implications of strengthening or weakening patent protection through systematically examining the relationships between price, access to current medicines, access to future medicines (through market entry of new medicines) and foreign investment in a more holistic fashion, both within the pharmaceutical industry specifically and the economy more generally. To address this overall aim, four objectives were set. The first was to assess the impact of patents on pharmaceutical prices. The debate hinges on the relationship between price and patents, and hence it is imperative to first establish this relationship in Thailand. Ordinary least squares regression was employed to estimate the impact of patent upon price, while controlling for market and medicine factors. The findings show that patents are associated with a price increase of approximately 200%.Second, as price is argued to be the main restriction on access to medicines, it is important to assess the role of price in determining access to medicines. A probit model indicated that price is not a significant determinant of a medicine being listed on the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM); however, price impedes access to non-NLEM medicines significantly. Third, patent legislation will also affect the process for the launch of new medicines within a country. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the launch experience of new medicines to Thailand during 1982-2009.The empirical results show that policy related to patent law has a significant and positive impact on the rapidity of the launch of new products in Thailand. Most importantly, CL is shown to have a significant and adverse effect on the speed of new medicine launches in Thailand. The last objective is to examine the impact of stronger patent protection on foreign investment, both in the pharmaceutical industry specifically, and the wider economy more generally. The empirical estimation suggests that there is no significant change in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows after the patent law amendment in 1992 and that weakening pharmaceutical patent protection using CL does not necessarily keep away foreign investors. In conclusion, from this thesis there is little evidence of benefit from patent law change. Therefore, stronger patent protection should not be accepted. The evidence from this thesis highlights that the critical issue in determining whether the Thai population has gained from stringent patent protection or not is the tension between current and future access. Patents increase the price of medicines and impede current access. However, patients benefit from greater access to new medicines. These findings suggest that the price of patented medicines should be monitored closely to avoid undesirable effect on access, together with work on a system to more effectively stimulate local R&D activity

Government use licenses in Thailand: an assessment of the health and economic impacts

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Between 2006 and 2008, Thailand's Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) granted government use licenses for seven patented drugs in order to improve access to these essential treatments. The decision to grant the government use licenses was contentious both within and beyond the country. In particular, concerns were highlighted that the negative consequences might outweigh the expected benefits of the policy. This study conducted assessments of the health and economic implications of these government use licenses.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The health and health-related economic impacts were quantified in terms of i) Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained and ii) increased productivity in US dollars (USD) as a result of the increased access to drugs. The study adopted a five-year timeframe for the assessment, commencing from the time of the grant of the government use licenses. Empirical evidence gathered from national databases was used to assess the changes in volume of exports after US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) withdrawal and level of foreign direct investment (FDI).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As a result of the granting of the government use licenses, an additional 84,158 patients were estimated to have received access to the seven drugs over five years. Health gains from the use of the seven drugs compared to their best alternative accounted for 12,493 QALYs gained, which translates into quantifiable incremental benefits to society of USD132.4 million. The government use license on efavirenze was found to have the greatest benefit. In respect of the country's economy, the study found that Thailand's overall exports increased overtime, although exports of the three US GSP withdrawal products to the US did decline. There was also found to be no relationship between the government use licenses and the level of foreign investment over the period 2002 to 2008.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The public health benefits of the government use licenses were generally positive. Specifically, the policy helped to increase access to patented drugs, while the impact of the US GSP withdrawal did not adversely affect the overall export status. Because the levels of benefit gained from the government use licenses varied widely between the seven drugs, depending on several factors, this study makes recommendations for the future implementation of the policy in order to maximise benefits.</p

A novel subtilase with NaCl-activated and oxidant-stable activity from Virgibacillus sp. SK37

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Microbial proteases are one of the most commercially valuable enzymes, of which the largest market share has been taken by subtilases or alkaline proteases of the <it>Bacillus </it>species. Despite a large amount of information on microbial proteases, a search for novel proteases with unique properties is still of interest for both basic and applied aspects of this highly complex class of enzymes. Oxidant stable proteases (OSPs) have been shown to have a wide application in the detergent and bleaching industries and recently have become one of the most attractive enzymes in various biotechnological applications.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A gene encoding a novel member of the subtilase superfamily was isolated from <it>Virgibacillus </it>sp. SK37, a protease-producing bacterium isolated from Thai fish sauce fermentation. The gene was cloned by an activity-based screening of a genomic DNA expression library on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates containing 1 mM IPTG and 3% skim milk. Of the 100,000 clones screened, all six isolated positive clones comprised one overlapping open reading frame of 45% identity to the <it>aprX </it>gene from <it>Bacillus </it>species. This gene, designated <it>aprX-sk37 </it>was cloned into pET21d(+) and over-expressed in <it>E. coli </it>BL21(DE3). The enzyme product, designated AprX-SK37, was purified by an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The AprX-SK37 enzyme showed optimal catalytic conditions at pH 9.5 and 55°C, based on the azocasein assay containing 5 mM CaCl₂. Maximum catalytic activity was found at 1 M NaCl with residual activity of 30% at 3 M NaCl. Thermal stability of the enzyme was also enhanced by 1 M NaCl. The enzyme was absolutely calcium-dependent, with optimal concentration of CaCl₂at 15 mM. Inhibitory effects by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid indicated that this enzyme is a metal-dependent serine protease. The enzyme activity was sensitive towards reducing agents, urea, and SDS, but relatively stable up to 5% of H₂O₂. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that AprX-SK37 belongs to a novel family of the subtilase superfamily. We propose the name of this new family as alkaline serine protease-X (AprX).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The stability towards H₂O₂and moderately halo- and thermo-tolerant properties of the AprX-SK37 enzyme are attractive for various biotechnological applications.</p

Cloning, expression in Pichia pastoris, and characterization of a thermostable GH5 mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase from Aspergillus niger BK01

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mannans are key components of lignocellulose present in the hemicellulosic fraction of plant primary cell walls. Mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidases (1,4-β-<smcaps>D</smcaps>-mannanases) catalyze the random hydrolysis of β-1,4-mannosidic linkages in the main chain of β-mannans. Biodegradation of β-mannans by the action of thermostable mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase offers significant technical advantages in biotechnological industrial applications, <it>i.e</it>. delignification of kraft pulps or the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass rich in mannan for the production of second generation biofuels, as well as for applications in oil and gas well stimulation, extraction of vegetable oils and coffee beans, and the production of value-added products such as prebiotic manno-oligosaccharides (MOS).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A gene encoding mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase or 1,4-β-<smcaps>D</smcaps>-mannan mannanohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.78), commonly termed β-mannanase, from <it>Aspergillus niger </it>BK01, which belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5), was cloned and successfully expressed heterologously (up to 243 μg of active recombinant protein per mL) in <it>Pichia pastoris</it>. The enzyme was secreted by <it>P. pastoris </it>and could be collected from the culture supernatant. The purified enzyme appeared glycosylated as a single band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of approximately 53 kDa. The recombinant β-mannanase is highly thermostable with a half-life time of approximately 56 h at 70°C and pH 4.0. The optimal temperature (10-min assay) and pH value for activity are 80°C and pH 4.5, respectively. The enzyme is not only active towards structurally different mannans but also exhibits low activity towards birchwood xylan. Apparent K_mvalues of the enzyme for konjac glucomannan (low viscosity), locust bean gum galactomannan, carob galactomannan (low viscosity), and 1,4-β-<smcaps>D</smcaps>-mannan (from carob) are 0.6 mg mL^-1, 2.0 mg mL^-1, 2.2 mg mL^-1and 1.5 mg mL^-1, respectively, while the k_catvalues for these substrates are 215 s^-1, 330 s^-1, 292 s^-1and 148 s^-1, respectively. Judged from the specificity constants k_cat/K_m, glucomannan is the preferred substrate of the <it>A. niger</it> β -mannanase. Analysis by thin layer chromatography showed that the main product from enzymatic hydrolysis of locust bean gum is mannobiose, with only low amounts of mannotriose and higher manno-oligosaccharides formed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study is the first report on the cloning and expression of a thermostable mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase from <it>A. niger </it>in <it>Pichia pastoris</it>. The efficient expression and ease of purification will significantly decrease the production costs of this enzyme. Taking advantage of its acidic pH optimum and high thermostability, this recombinant β-mannanase will be valuable in various biotechnological applications.</p

Five-year trends in antiretroviral usage and drug costs in HIV-infected children in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: As antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs mature, data on drug utilization and costs are needed to assess durability of treatments and inform program planning. METHODS: Children initiating ART were followed up in an observational cohort in Thailand. Treatment histories from 1999 to 2009 were reviewed. Treatment changes were categorized as: drug substitution (within class), switch across drug class (non nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) to/from protease inhibitor (PI)), and to salvage therapy (dual PI or PI and NNRTI). Antiretroviral drug costs were calculated in 6-month cycles (US$2009 prices). Predictors of high drug cost including characteristics at start of ART (baseline), initial regimen, treatment change, and duration on ART were assessed using mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Five hundred seven children initiated ART with a median 54 (interquartile range, 36-72) months of follow-up. Fifty-two percent had a drug substitution, 21$251 to $428 per child per year in the first and fifth year of therapy, respectively. PI-based and salvage regimens accounted for 16% and 2% of treatments prescribed and 33% and 5% of total costs, respectively. Predictors of high cost include baseline age ≥ 8 years, non nevirapine-based initial regimen, switch across drug class, and to salvage regimen (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years, 21% of children switched across drug class and 2% received salvage therapy. The mean drug cost increased by 70%. Access to affordable second- and third-line drugs is essential for the sustainability of treatment programs

Display of a β-mannanase and a chitosanase on the cell surface of Lactobacillus plantarum towards the development of whole-cell biocatalysts

BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus plantarum is considered as a potential cell factory because of its GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status and long history of use in food applications. Its possible applications include in situ delivery of proteins to a host, based on its ability to persist at mucosal surfaces of the human intestine, and the production of food-related enzymes. By displaying different enzymes on the surface of L. plantarum cells these could be used as whole-cell biocatalysts for the production of oligosaccharides. In this present study, we aimed to express and display a mannanase and a chitosanase on the cell surface of L. plantarum. RESULTS: ManB, a mannanase from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, and CsnA, a chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 23857 were fused to different anchoring motifs of L. plantarum for covalent attachment to the cell surface, either via an N-terminal lipoprotein anchor (Lp_1261) or a C-terminal cell wall anchor (Lp_2578), and the resulting fusion proteins were expressed in L. plantarum WCFS1. The localization of the recombinant proteins on the bacterial cell surface was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The highest mannanase and chitosanase activities obtained for displaying L. plantarum cells were 890 U and 1360 U g dry cell weight, respectively. In reactions with chitosan and galactomannans, L. plantarum CsnA- and ManB-displaying cells produced chito- and manno-oligosaccharides, respectively, as analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Surface-displayed ManB is able to break down galactomannan (LBG) into smaller manno-oligosaccharides, which can support growth of L. plantarum. CONCLUSION: This study shows that mannanolytic and chitinolytic enzymes can be anchored to the cell surface of L. plantarum in active forms. L. plantarum chitosanase- and mannanase-displaying cells should be of interest for the production of potentially ‘prebiotic’ oligosaccharides. This approach, with the enzyme of interest being displayed on the cell surface of a food-grade organism, may also be applied in production processes relevant for food industry