Seroprevalence and clinical correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection among women with infertility in northwestern Nigeria

Background: Infertility is a major cause of social and psychological problems among couples, especially in our environment where child bearing is regarded as one of the major reasons for marriage. Studies have shown that fertility among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‑infected women may actually be reduced posing social and psychological disturbance among a group of people that are already burdened with disease.Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of HIV infection among women with infertility attending a gynecology clinic in northwestern Nigeria.Materials and Methods: It was a cross‑sectional descriptive study comprising of women attending the gynecology clinic due to infertility that satisfied the inclusion criteria. The sample size was 250. Ethical clearance was obtained from the health research and ethics committee of the study setting. Clients were recruited consecutively as they presented to the infertility clinic from May 2015 to January 2016 and tested for HIV infection. HIV testing was done in the Department of Medical Microbiology after collecting 5 ml of blood from the clients using sterile syringes. Investigations to determine the cause of infertility were also conducted. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0.Results: A total of 250 clients were recruited for the study. The age range of respondents was‑ 17 – 47 years with a mean age of 30.3 years. Hausa was the predominant ethnic group in all respondents (61%). Most of the respondents had secondary education (39%). Only 4% had postgraduate education. Out of the 250 respondents, 21 (8.4%) were found to be positive for HIV infection. Chi‑square test showed an association between tuboperitoneal infertility and HIV infection.Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV infection in women with infertility attending our clinic was high and an association was seen between HIV infection and tuboperitoneal infertility.Keywords: Clinical correlates; human immunodeficiency virus infection; infertilit

FTIR spectroscopic study of inhibition of chloroxylenol-based disinfectant against salmonella enterica serovar thyphimurium biofilm

The present work was performed to determine the impacts of commercial disinfectants against biomass, viability, and biochemical composition of Salmonella enterica serovar Thyphimurium ATCC14028 biofilm. Salmonella Thyphimurium biofilm grown in microplates was exposed to commercial disinfectants namely sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol, and sodium dodecyl-benzene sulfonate-based disinfectants. Biofilm biomass, biofilm viability, and biochemical composition of the biofilm were determined using crystal violet assay, resazurin assay and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy respectively. Results demonstrated that, among four commercial disinfectants, chloroxylenol-based disinfectant showed the highest inhibition against S. Thyphimurium biofilm. It remarkably hindered biofilm biomass and biofilm viability at all tested concentrations (0.78%-25%). Half-maximal biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC50) of chloroxylenol-based disinfectant (5.06%) was found to be the lowest among the tested disinfectants. Meanwhile, S. Thyphimurium biofilm treated with chloroxylenol-based disinfectant exhibited changes in FTIR spectral peaks associated with lipid (1460 cm-1), protein (630 cm-1, 702 cm-1, 1550 cm-1 & 1650 cm-1), and nucleic acid (1080 cm-1 & 1229 cm-1). The findings of the present study suggest that the inhibition of chloroxylenol-based disinfectant against S. Thyphimurium biofilm is mediated by structural changes of biofilm

AN ANALYSIS RELIABILITY OF GENERATOR SET AS EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY SUDDENLY OFFS AT PLN ULP BELAWAN

The Generator Set consists of the Engine (Motor Propulsion) and also the Generator / Alternator, as previously explained. This engine uses fuel in the form of Diesel (Diesel Engine) or can also use Gasoline, while the Generator itself is a coil of wire made of copper consisting of a static coil or stator and is also equipped with a rotating coil or rotor. In the process of working, according to physics, the engine rotates the rotor in a generator which then causes a magnetic field in the coil section of the generator. Furthermore, this magnetic field will then interact with the rotor which will then rotate and will produce an electric current which is in accordance with Lorentz's law

Penentuan nasab melalui prinsip undang-undang keterangan Islam

Anak tak sah taraf didefinisikan sebagai kelahiran anak hasil daripada perbuatan zina ataupun kehamilan tanpa pernikahan atau suami yang sah, tetapi bukan dari pernikahan syubhah. Terdapat keadaan di mana anak yang tidak sah taraf telah diberikan status sah taraf akibat kelemahan dalam aspek beban pembuktian serta pematuhan terhadap prinsip syariah berkaitan tempoh minima kehamilan enam bulan qamariah tersebut. Penulisan ini memfokuskan tiga objektif. Objektif pertama adalah untuk menganalisis berkaitan kelahiran anak tak sah taraf di sisi prinsip syariah. Objektif kedua adalah untuk mengenal pasti permasalahan berkaitan kelahiran anak tak sah taraf dalam perbicaraan di mahkamah, dan objektif ketiga adalah untuk mencadangkan penyelesaian kepada permasalahan yang telah dikenal pasti. Penulisan ini adalah kajian kualitatif iaitu melalui kaedah penyelidikan perpustakaan, di mana bahan-bahan yang berkaitan dengan penulisan ini telah dianalisis secara kritis. Pengkaji mendapati bahawa seksyen 110 Akta Keluarga Islam (Wilayah Persekutuan) sebagai contohnya, digunakan terutamanya sebagai garis panduan dalam menentukan kesahihan nasab anak dalam perbicaraan mahkamah. Walau bagaimanapun, seksyen tersebut adalah terlalu umum dan tidak berjaya dikaitkan kepada prinsip-prinsip asas dalam syarak berkaitan dengan kelahiran anak tak sah taraf dan penentuan kesahihan nasab. Pada masa yang sama prinsip keterangan Islam yang digunakan semasa perbicaraan berkaitan dengan menentukan status nasab juga tidak dapat menyokong mahkamah untuk membuat keputusan yang baik terhadap kes tersebut. Sehubungan itu pengkaji mencadangkan perlunya matan seksyen 110 ini diperincikan, serta aplikasi keterangan pakar diwajibkan penggunaannya dalam perbicaraan mahkamah bagi menyokong pembuktian terhadap kesahihan nasab anak