Teori Psikologi

Teori psikologi ini adalah psikologi yang mempengaruhi sikapagresif di kalangan pelajar. Terdapat beberapa faktor iaitu faktor persekitaran, teori neurologi, teori psikoanalisis, teori kognitif dan teori behaviourisme

Tingkah Laku Agresif

Artikel ini menerangkan tentang definisi tingkah laku agresif di kalangan pelajar, jenis tingkah laku agresif dan dorongan tingkah laku agresif. Terdapat beberapa jenis tingkah laku agresif dan dorongan tingkah laku agresif

The practice and challenges of e-Government in Nigeria in the 21st century

This paper investigates the state of the present condition of e-government commitment in Nigeria. It also, examines the difficulties encountered in the implementation process.Layne and Lee (2001) “Stages of growth theory” was adopted to explain the position of Nigeria in the implementation and the challenges it faced on e-government.To do this,this paper used secondary data as a source to collect different articles and report.This paper finds that while e-government is present in Nigeria, it is still in its initial stage.Not only have that, the environment lacked many prerequisites for the survival and continued maintenance of e-governance due to many factors such as inadequate electricity, technical expertise etcetera.It is therefore suggested that both the government and the stakeholders should take it up as a challenge to find quick and lasting solutions to them. There must also be political will and government should have its administrative staff retrained in IT to properly manage the facilities and infrastructure necessary for e-government

Lignin Hydrothermal Liquefaction into Bifunctional Chemicals: A Concise Review

Lignin, the second largest biomass after cellulose is underutilized. Yet, it remains the only natural source of aromatic, and phenolic compounds. It is imperative to, amidst the expanding interest on biomass conversion, to accord the necessary attention towards lignin degradation into value added chemicals. Specifically, its phenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl derivatives. Understanding lignin degradation chemistry, goes a long way in its selective valorization into fuels and chemicals via thermochemical routes such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Therefore, development of technologies targeting value addition of products and by-products from lignin, would undoubtedly give way to emerging markets in the industry. Previous review papers focused on the general HTL of biomass, food waste, algae, and their model compounds. However, review on HTL of lignin is scarcely available. This paper presents the detailed literature analyses of the current trend in lignin degradation via HTL. Effect of HTL conditions including temperature, heating rate and catalyst has been reviewed. In-depth discussion on use of ionic liquids as catalyst for HTL of lignin has also been compiled. Other lignin degradation techniques such as pyrolysis and hydrolysis were also discussed. This is aimed at bringing together an up-to-date information on lignin degradation into selected chemical intermediates

Financial inclusion among small agribusiness entrepreneurs in Northern Nigeria

Financial inclusion is considered an effective strategy to enhance the development of small agribusiness entrepreneurs. However, previous literature does not provide unified, comprehensive indicators and requirements that ascertain the extent of financial inclusion, the banks’ approach to implementing financial inclusion, the process of giving out financing and small agribusiness entrepreneurs’ challenges towards enhancing financial inclusion. This study identified indicators and requirements for financial inclusion, banks' approaches to implementing financial inclusion, banks' process of giving out financing, and challenges faced by small agribusiness entrepreneurs to strengthen financial inclusion in Northern Nigeria. The study used qualitative approach and purposive sampling strategy through in-depth interviews and content analysis to explore experiences of informants about financial inclusion. The study identified comprehensive indicators and requirements that determine and enhance financial inclusion. Banks implement financial inclusion by ensuring access to savings, payments, and credit. Additionally, banks promote consumer protection, financial literacy, and Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance. Islamic and conventional banks' approaches in implementing financial inclusion are the same, except in the financing process. Banks are careful in lending/financing due to challenges of borrowers' repayment capacity. However, banks follow flexible and all-inclusive means to extend lending/financing. Jaiz bank relies more on debt-based financing to enhance financial inclusion. Small agribusiness entrepreneurs face challenges of loan security, investments viability and increasing cost of financing. This study identifies banks' impact on small agribusiness entrepreneurs' inclusion and shows the function and role of banks towards the financial inclusion drive. The study increases entrepreneurs' awareness of financial services and Islamic banking. Banks may use this study to predict clients' challenges and financing needs. With this study, banks could help financial regulators to redesign strategies towards Islamic banking, credit, outreach, and financial literacy

Idea of Collateral and Guarantor in Islamic Bank Financing

This study explores the idea of Islamic banks requesting for collateral or guarantee when financing, the rationale for requesting loan security, and its acceptability from Islamic perspectives. The study reviewed the previous literature and Islamic injunctions to study and justify the use of collateral and guarantor to hedge the risk of financing default. It is found that Islamic banks like conventional banking system encourage requesting loan security to ensure borrowers’ commitment and protect investors’ wealth. Despite its effect on loan rejection, secured loans are found to be recovered more easily than unsecured loans. Government and Islamic banks are therefore advised to device mean for helping small-scale businesses to access financing, through credit guarantee schemes and participatory financing mechanisms, to enhance financial inclusion

Redox Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of µ –Oxobis [aquobis (2,2’ – Bipyridine)] diruthenium (III) Ion and some Aliphatic Alcohols in Acidic Medium

The redox kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of μ – oxobis[aquobis(2,2’ - bipyridine)]diruthenium (III) ion, [(bipy)2(H2O)RuORu(H2O)(bipy)2]4+ (hereafter denoted as Ru2O4+ or [(H2O)2(bipy)4Ru2O]4+) and some primary aliphatic alcohols was studied in perchloric acid medium, [H+] = 5.0 x 10-3 mol dm-3, ionic strength (I), = 0.5 mol dm–3 (NaClO4), temperature (T) = 31 ± 1°C and  wavelength ,λmax =  660 nm. The reactions, which led to the formation of corresponding aldehydes had a stoichiometry of 1:1, were all first order with respect to each reactant, and second order overall. The reactions proceeded in the absence of acid but when acid was added, the reactions ceased. Varying the ionic strength and dielectric constants of the reaction medium had no effect on the reaction. Added ions catalysed the reaction and free radicals were identified in the reaction mixtures in the course of the reactions. There was no evidence for the formation if intermediate complex in the course of the reaction. The order of reactivity is of the order CH3OH > C2H5OH > C3H7OH Based on the  results, it is suggested that all the reactions proceeded through the outer – sphere electron transfer mechanism and a plausible mechanism that represented all the reactions is proposed

Screening and identification of antibacterial agents produced by Aspergillus species from the soil of Bayero University Kano

This study was conducted to isolate antibiotic producing fungi in soil samples collected from Bayero University, Kano. Soil samples were suspended in deionised distilled water and inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) by spread-plate method for the isolation of fungi. Primary screening of antibiotic producers was conducted using agar well diffusion method. All the isolates were identified to be in the genus Aspergillus. Out of the sixty (60) fungal isolates, three (3) species (A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger) were selected for fermentation process and extraction of metabolites using ethyl acetate. The extracts were dried and subjected to disc diffusion assay against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts showed inhibitory activity against all the test organisms at concentration of 1000μg and 800μg with little or no activity at 600μg against the tests organisms. Highest activity was observed from the metabolites of A. fumigatus on all the test organisms with MIC values of 250μg/ml. Thin layer chromatography of all the three extracts revealed four sports per chromatogram. The chromatogram study reveals many bioactive compounds such as Oleic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid known to have antibacterial activity against range of bacteria. Similarly, the extracts showed some level of toxicity to brine shrimp. The extracts were found to have some pharmaceutical applications and therefore should be subjected for further bioassay such as anticancer and antioxidant.Keywords: Antibiotic producing fungi, Soil, Aspergillus, Oleic aci

Access to credits and indebtedness: Islamic perspective

The purpose of this paper is to describe, from Islamic perspective, Muslims’ concern on loans and indebtedness.The paper intends to enlighten working class Muslims on the consequences of taking unnecessary loans.Due to increasing access to financial services, banks and other financial institutions are increasingly offering loans to their customers.Thus, increasing unnecessary borrowings at the expense of their future well-being.The paper concentrate on Islamic perspective of over borrowing and indebtedness. Muslims are expected to live a moderate life, free of embezzlement and misery.Therefore, are called upon to avoid unnecessary expenditure and improve savings.The study contributes to literature of borrowings, by considering loans as last alternative and by necessity

Biochemical Assessment of Pregnancy-Related Physiological Changes in Renal Function

This study was aimed at determining biochemical markers of renal function in pregnant women in Kano State, Nigeria. Urea, electrolytes and creatinine were estimated from 45 pregnant women and 45 non pregnant apparently healthy, age-matched controls.  The result of the study showed significant difference (P<0.01) in urea, creatinine and bicarbonate levels between the pregnant and non- pregnant women but no significant difference (p>0.01) was observed in sodium, potassium and chloride levels between the two groups. Studies within the trimesters showed significant difference (p<0.05) in urea levels between the control group of the 1st and 2nd trimesters. Creatinine levels in the 2nd trimester (43.20±12.3) and 3rd trimester (41.40±5.45) were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the control group (55.84±16.17). A significant difference in creatinine levels (p<0.05) between the 1st and 2nd and the 1st and 3rd trimesters was also recorded. The mean difference in bicarbonate levels in the 1st (22.33±1.84), 2nd (21.80±1.37) and 3rd(21.73±1.79) trimesters and the -control group (26.09±2.08) was significantly lower (p<0.05) with no significant difference within the trimesters. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in sodium, potassium and chloride level between the control groups and the trimesters of pregnancy. The result obtained is indicative of normal renal function in the study groups