SYNTHESIS OF ALKID FILM-FILTERS MODIFIED BY FATTY ACIDS OF TALL OIL

Formulations of new alkyd resins using tall oil fatty acids have been developed, as well as a technology for their production under laboratory conditions. Alkyd film formers modified with fatty acids of tall oil were synthesized

Natural chain-breaking antioxidants and their synthetic analogs as modulators of oxidative stress

Oxidative stress is associated with the increased production of reactive oxygen species or with a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic defense. The penetration of oxygen and free radicals in the hydrophobic interior of biological membranes initiates radical disintegration of the hydrocarbon “tails” of the lipids. This process is known as “lipid peroxidation”, and the accumulation of the oxidation products as peroxides and the alde-hydes and acids derived from them are often used as a measure of oxidative stress levels. In total, 40 phenolic antioxidants were selected for a comparative study and analysis of their chain-breaking antioxidant activity, and thus as modulators of oxidative stress. This included natural and natural-like ortho-methoxy and ortho-hydroxy phenols, nine of them newly synthesized. Applied experimental and theoretical methods (bulk lipid autoxidation, chemiluminescence, in silico methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and quantitative structure–activity relationship ((Q)SAR) modeling) were used to clarify their structure–activity relationship. Kinetics of non-inhibited and inhibited lipid oxidation in close connection with inhibitor transformation under oxidative stress is considered. Special attention has been paid to chemical reactions resulting in the initiation of free radicals, a key stage of oxidative stress. Effects of substituents in the side chains and in the phenolic ring of hydroxylated phenols and biphenols, and the concentration were discussed

Особенности ведения пациентов с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких на фоне отказа от табакокурения: фокус – на оптимизацию поддерживающей терапии

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of stepping down the dose of inhaled steroid (ICS) or ICS withdrawal in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated with an adequate bronchodilating therapy and quitting smoking. Methods. The study was performed in real clinical settings. Patients with COPD (n = 41) involved in educational smoking cessation program were followed for 9 months in outpatient settings. Smoking cessation program included varenicline, adequate physical activity, nutritional counseling and bronchodilating therapy; one of the aims of the treatment was ICS dose reduction or complete withdrawal of ICS. Results. Long-acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) indacaterol and dual bronchodilators (indacaterol/glycopyrronium or indacaterol/tiotropium) were effective in patients with COPD quitting tobacco smoking. ICS dose was reduced more quickly in patients treated with indacaterol or dual bronchodilators compared to those treated with formoterol. Quitting smoking was associated with improvement in CAT score and reduction in COPD exacerbation rate. Conclusion. Treatment with indacaterol or indacaterol/glycopyrronium combination was associated with more rapid and safe stepping down the dose of ICS or ICS withdrawal in COPD patients quitting tobacco smoking compared to those treated with formoterol.Табакокурение (ТК) является основным модифицируемым фактором риска развития хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ). При отказе от ТК в 1-ю неделю происходит усиление бронхообструктивного синдрома, что может являться одной из причин возобновления курения. Материалы и методы. На базе кабинета по отказу от ТК Санкт-Петербургского государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения «Городская поликлиника № 54» в условиях реальной амбулаторной практики проходили обучение пациенты с ХОБЛ (n = 41). Наблюдение осуществлялось в амбулаторных условиях через 3 и 9 мес. от начала исследования. Отказ от ТК осуществлялся при использовании варениклина на фоне адекватной физической активности, рационального питания и подбора бронхолитической терапии ХОБЛ; при этом одной из задач являлось снижение дозы и отмена терапии ингаляционными глюкокортикостероидами (иГКС). Результаты. По данным исследования продемонстрированы эффективность адекватной базисной терапии бронходилататорами длительного действия на фоне отказа от ТК у пациентов с ХОБЛ и возможность снижения дозы или полной отмены иГКС. При этом отмечена стабилизация респираторного статуса и гемодинамических показателей. Подтверждена эффективность применения длительно действующего β2-агониста (ДДБА) индакатерола, а также двойной комбинации индакатерола и длительно действующих антихолинергических препаратов (гликопирроний или тиотропий) как основы базисной терапии у пациентов с ХОБЛ в период отказа от ТК. Заключение. Продемонстрирована возможность более быстрого достоверного снижения дозы или полной отмены терапии иГКС у пациентов, получавших индакатерол в период отказа от ТК, по сравнению с лицами, принимавшими другой ДДБА – формотерол. Показано преимущество применения индакатерола, особенно в сочетании с гликопирронием

Biopterin-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia: Diagnosis and treatment

The term phenylketonuria encompasses some genetically heterogeneous diseases from a group of hereditary amino acid metabolic disorders, the key biochemical sign of which is a steady increase in blood phenylalanine levels – hyperphenylalaninemia. Phenylketonuria is a most common disease of the above group; its rate in the Russian Federation is 1:7140 neonates. The rare causes of hyperphenylalaninemia include the cofactor (biopterin-deficient) forms associated with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, leading to the blocked metabolic pathways for converting phenylalanine to tyrosine and for synthesizing catecholamine and serotonin precursors (L-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan). The distinguishing feature of all cofactor forms of hyperphenylalaninemia is the inefficiency of an isolated low-protein diet. Cofactor therapy with sapropterin in combination with correction of neuromediatory disorders is used in the combination treatment of these patients. The paper presents a case history of a child with severe biopterin-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia resulting from a defect in the PTS gene. The clinical example illustrates difficulties associated with the diagnosis of cofactor hyperphenylalaninemia and with long individual dosage adjustments for medications

IXa glycogenosis – diagnosis, features of clinical manifestations and treatment

IXa glycogenosis is the most common of the currently known 15 types of glycogenosis. The disease has X-linked recessive inheritance, is caused by mutations in  the PHKA2 gene localized on the short arm of X chromosome in  the Хр22.13 region. The main manifestations of the disease: stunted growth, increased liver size, episodes of hypoglycemia, fasting ketosis, increased blood levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, liver transaminases. In many cases, the course of the disease can be relatively mild, which complicates early diagnosis and the timely administration of therapy. Clinical observations of two children from unrelated families with the same homozygous c.884G> A mutation (р.Arg295His, or R295H) in the PHKA2 gene are presented. The similarities and differences in clinical symptoms are emphasized, and the features of patient management are presented

Recent Changes in the Hydrobiology of the Aral Sea.

Since 1992 attempts have been made to isolate and conserve the northern part of the Aral Sea of means of a dam. Changes in the main aquatic communities between 1985 and 1994 based on field work, laboratory investigations and literature surveys are described and the future prospects for the region are discussed