A Review of Obstetrical Outcomes and Complications in Pregnant Women after Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery (BS) is a novel treatment for weight reduction with longer lasting health benefits. This review aimed to summarise the available evidence regarding the fetomaternal outcomes and the most common challenges and complications in pregnancies following BS. Google Scholar (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, USA) and PubMed<sup>®</sup> (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) databases were searched for articles published until December 2018. A total of 64 articles were included in this review and results showed that BS mitigates the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and fetal macrosomia. However, it can also have detrimental effects on fetomaternal health. There is paucity of data regarding small for gestational age intrauterine growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes and longterm effects on the children born to women who underwent BS.Keywords: Bariatric Surgery; Nutritional Deficiencies; Obesity; Pregnancy; Surgical Injuries

Stigma for mental illness among primary health care physicians and nurses in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT: People who experience any type of mental disorder not only face difficulties with their health challenge they also suffered from negative responses that come from their social environment in many forms such as discrimination, denial or social rejection and this leads to stigma. Mental illness stigmatization within the healthcare professional has an impact on the delivery and provision of care services to the patients and is an obstacle to health seeking and maintaining good health management. This study aims to explore stigma for mental disorder in primary health care physicians and nurses because they are the first contact when a patient needs help. The study took place in Dammam Primary Health Centres and recruited physicians and nurses who completed the Opening Mind Scale for Health Care Providers as a tool of measuring levels of stigma. The results of the questionnaire were compared between both groups and correlated with their sociodemographic data. Result prove the existence of stigma in primary health physician and nurses the mean score is 55.13 out of 100. with Saudi staff having more stigma than non- Saudi , another factor that associated with more stigma is gender as female express more stigma than male . At the end of the study stigma in physicians and nurses was almost equal. This needs to be considered in future planning to minimize negative perception of people with a mental illness by initiating anti-stigmatization program for health care provider as a means of primary prevention and health promotion

Supplemental Materials for Building Data and Information Literacy in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum

Course syllabus from Chem 481, Fall 2015, to supplement the chapter Building Data and Information Literacy in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum in the monograph Integrating Library and Information Literacy Into Chemistry Curricula - ACS Symposium Series, ACS Publications

Evaluation of peripheral and central analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. in experimental animals

Background: Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an important and widely used medicinal plant. Though variously used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Homeopathy system of medicine in the case of ailments such as diarrhoea, skin disorders, venereal and scrofulous complaints, wounds, post-natal complications, as anti-helminthic, and external applications on tumors, the plant needs thorough investigation for its specific medicinal activity. This study evaluates both the central and peripheral analgesic effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. infortunatum Linn. (EECI) in the experimental animals.Methods: Acute toxicity test was done following the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. EECI (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] p.o) was evaluated for central analgesic activity by the tail flick method and peripheral analgesic activity by the acetic acid (0.7%) induced writhing test, respectively. Using aspirin (300 mg/kg b.w. and 100 mg/kg b.w.) as the standard drug.Results: EECI significantly decreased the number of writhing in writhing test at all the doses (p<0.01) and increased the reaction time in tail-flick method (p<0.01) at all the doses. EECI in the dosage of 400 mg/kg b.w. produced effects which was comparable with that of the standard drug aspirin (p<0.001) in writhing test (p<0.001) and tail flick method (p<0.001).Conclusion: The study showed significant central and peripheral analgesic activity of EECI which may be attributed to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, phospholipase A2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. C. infortunatum Linn. as a commercial source of analgesic drug should be subjected to further research

Peripheral and central analgesic activity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Vitex Negundo flowers in experimental animals

Background: Vitex negundo Linn (Family: Verbenaceae), locally known as ‘Nirgundi’ an important medicinal plant is a woody, aromatic shrub growing to a small tree. It commonly bears tri- or penta-foliate leaves on quadrangular branches, which give rise to bluish-purple coloured flowers in branched tomentose cymes. It has been claimed to possess analgesic activity apart from many medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate both the peripheral and central analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo flowers (EEVNF) in experimental animals.Methods: Acute toxicity test was done following the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. EEVNF (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] p.o) was evaluated for peripheral analgesic activity by the acetic acid (0.7%) induced writhing test and central analgesic activity by the tail flick method respectively using aspirin (100mg/kg b.w. and 300mg/kg b.w.) as the standard drug.Results: EEVNF significantly decreased the number of writhing in writhing test at all the doses (p<0.001) and increased the reaction time in tail-flick method (p<0.001) at all the doses when compared to control. EEVNF in the dosage of 400mg/kg b.w. produced analgesic effects which was comparable with that of the standard drug aspirin at dose 100mg/kg b.w in writhing test and produced greater analgesic activity than that of standard drug aspirin at dose 300mg/kg b.w in tail flick method.Conclusions: EEVNF has significant peripheral and central analgesic activity

Building Data and Information Literacy in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum

The Literature and Seminar sequence at James Madison University has been used to develop the chemistry information literacy skills of chemistry majors for over four decades. These courses have been continually updated to emphasize information literacy skills for the twenty-first century. This chapter describes the methods that have been developed to improve chemical, data and general information literacy at a large, public, primarily undergraduate institution. The focus of the first semester course, described in this chapter, is on skill building rather than teaching specific resources. It is a model of integration and collaboration between chemistry faculty and chemistry librarians. Changes in information resources, disciplinary standards, and assessment are used to inform and refine course instruction. While implementation of a course is always unique because of the size, curricular structure, culture, and students associated with an institution, we think that the approach described herein will be applicable to other programs

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Momordica tuberosa leaves in experimental animals

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Momordica tuberosa leaves (EEMTL) in a maximal electric shock induced seizure (MES) model in experimental animals.Methods: A total of 30 albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 g were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I received normal saline (0.5 ml), Group II received phenytoin sodium (25 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal, Group III, IV, V received different doses (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) of M. tuberosa leaves extract orally. Convulsions were produced in all groups by giving maximal electric shock of 150 mA for 0.2 sec after 1 hr of giving test and standard drugs. Tonic-clonic seizures were produced after giving an electric shock. Recovery time was noted. The period of tonus, clonus, and stupor were measured and compared between the control, standard and test.Results: In MES model, EEMTLsignificantly (p<0.0001) decreased the duration of tonic-clonic seizures and recovery time.Conclusion: M. tuberosa leaveswere shown anticonvulsant property in MES animal models

The Evolution of Library Instruction Delivery in the Chemistry Curriculum Informed by Mixed Assessment Methods

As information continues to evolve over time, the information literacy expectations for chemistry students also change. This article examines transformations to an undergraduate chemistry course that focuses on chemical literature and information literacy and is co-taught by a chemistry professor and a chemistry librarian. This article also describes results from assessment of both content knowledge and student perception, and discusses how the assessment was used to inform changes to the course. This type of student assessment and evaluation has not previously been examined in the delivery of required undergraduate chemistry information courses. Since this course has used in-person, online, and blended delivery methods, the article describes what students can learn from online modules, and where they need more intensive classroom instruction.Publisher allows immediate open acces