CHANGE OF MOVEMENT IN THE PELVIS DUE TO FATIGUE IN LONG-DISTANCE RUNNING- A CASE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to clarify the three-dimensional movement of the pelvis due to fatigue in long-distance running. Four collegiate long-distance runners participated in this study as subjects and ran 4000m with a 5000m race pace. Subject D, whose running pace was significantly slowest, showed a significant decrease in stride length, stride frequency, and pelvis rotation angle at the end of the 4000m run. Furthermore, Subject D showed a significant increase in pelvis elevation. These factors suggested that to maintain the range of motion of pelvis rotation and to keep the pelvis elevation movement minimal is a very important factor in maintaining running speed and attaining high performance in long-distance running

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ) among mental health providers: a questionnaire survey

The Japanese version of the 7-item Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ). (DOCX 31 kb

Diversity profile of microbes associated with anaerobic sulfur oxidation in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating municipal sewage

We herein analyzed the diversity of microbes involved in anaerobic sulfur oxidation in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor used for treating municipal sewage under low-temperature conditions. Anaerobic sulfur oxidation occurred in the absence of oxygen, with nitrite and nitrate as electron acceptors; however, reactor performance parameters demonstrated that anaerobic conditions were maintained. In order to gain insights into the underlying basis of anaerobic sulfur oxidation, the microbial diversity that exists in the UASB sludge was analyzed comprehensively to determine their identities and contribution to sulfur oxidation. Sludge samples were collected from the UASB reactor over a period of 2 years and used for bacterial 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and next-generation sequencing analyses. T-RFLP and sequencing results both showed that microbial community patterns changed markedly from day 537 onwards. Bacteria belonging to the genus Desulforhabdus within the phylum Proteobacteria and uncultured bacteria within the phylum Fusobacteria were the main groups observed during the period of anaerobic sulfur oxidation. Their abundance correlated with temperature, suggesting that these bacterial groups played roles in anaerobic sulfur oxidation in UASB reactors

Generic Skills Assessment Through Implementation of Group Based Learning to Understand SDGs

In this competitive world, it is important for students to acquire generic skills and its assessment in higher education is scarce. This study is an attempt to address the effect of group based learning on generic skills development and and also an approach to spread the knowledge of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Like generic skills, educating young students about SDGs has become crucial. A workshop was conducted for 3 days and a total of 12 students filled in the questionnaire for group and self assessment of generic skills for 10 selected generic skills after every workshop. The overall results indicated that the group based learning have positive impact on the development of generic skills. We found that all generic skills were more developed in group assessment than individual assessment. When the inter-relationship among the skills were assessed for individual ratings using network analysis, the results revealed that the effective team work was strongly associated with co-operativity (r2 =0.7529 p <0.001), communication (r2 =0.7146, p <0.001) and information sharing (r2 =0.7529 p <0.001). The significant finding of this study is the use of shared educational materials which helped the students to overcome the language barrier and be more interactive to achieve the given goal. Further, this study has explored the application of group based learning as an effective educational approach to introduce any designed studies (in this case, SDGs) for fostering the innovative human resources belonging to different educational backgrounds. Moreover, this study also emphasizes on the importance of teaching SDGs to the engineering students for their capacity building, so that they not only understand but also act to ensure that the goals are met for better future. Keywords: Engineering students, Generic skills, Group based learning, Self assessment, Group Assessment Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Implementation of design based learning for the development of SDGs educational games

Education on sustainable education (ESD) is gaining momentum to ensure that SDGs are met by 2030. The educational institutions have significant role in fostering ESD. However, there is lack of educational resources to be used for ESD. Particularly, teaching the concept of SDGs needs an attention grabbing and engaging approach and Design Based Learning (DBL) holds much potential. The main objective of this investigation was to describe the development of SDGs education resources i.e., SDGs educational games using DBL approach. Besides, the generic skills of the students during DBL were assessed during game development phase. The outputs of DBL were Bingo Mat game, Carrom board game and Sugoroku game. These games were validated for their effectiveness as resource for teaching and learning SDGs. The results revealed the positive impact on the generic skills of students through DBL during game development phase. Moreover, the response results of the players highlighted that carrom board game offered them the gaming experience while Bingo and Sugoroku offered them learning experience. Another important finding of this study is the need to teach SDGs from the younger age as the level of education had significantly impacted on their knowledge about SDGs. The results of this study will contribute to the domain of ESD by articulating an alternative pedagogy of integrating DBL with SDGs as invigorating educational resources and faculty development methodPeer Reviewe

The SNP rs6508974 in AXL is a functional polymorphism and a promising biomarker for gefitinib treatment

Somatic mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) found in lung adenocarcinomas are used as biomarkers for the treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib. The bypass tracks with amplification of AXL is one of the mechanisms underlying the resistance to gefitinib. We, therefore, carried out a candidate gene approach method to identify AXL polymorphisms associated with the effectiveness of gefitinib. EGFR mutations were first dentified by mutantenriched PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and then 2 tag single nucleotide olymorphisms (SNPs) of AXL were examined by PCR-RFLP in 62 Japanese patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and treated with gefitinib in two general hospitals in Nagasaki. Subsequently, the association of EFGR mutations and the AXL polymorphism with the effectiveness of gefitinib was examined in these patients. We next examined the effect of the AXL polymorphism on the expression and function of this gene. It is worthy of note that EGFR mutations and the AXL polymorphism rs6508974 independently contributed to the effectiveness of gefitinib, and the polymorphism was proved to be a possible biomarker for selecting non-responders and responders to gefitinib treatment even in the absence of EGFR mutations. Furthermore, this SNP increased the transcriptional activity of the AXL transcript variant 3, one of the three AXL transcript variants, which to some extent increased the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Taken together, AXL is one of the genes that determine the effectiveness of gefitinib and a biomarker for selecting non-responders and responders among lung adenocarcinoma patients with no EGFR mutations, suggesting that rs6508974 in AXL might be a functional SNP in lung denocarcinoma

Butler\u27s Political Education

研究論文 IIArticles I

A controlled foraging trip in a communal forest of southeastern Cameroon

Since 1995, we have been researching the "Wild Yam Question, " that is, whether or not human beings could live without agricultural products in tropical rainforests. We conducted surveys of the distribution and reserves of yam and yam-like plants and observational surveys of 3 controlled foraging trips, during which the cooperators of the Baka hunter-gatherers could use no agricultural products, in the Ndongo area and showed the possibility human beings be able to live without agricultural products and the high reliability of yam tubers to a foraging life in the tropical rainforest of southeastern Cameroon. But there still remain some issues to be examined. Our 2 controlled foraging trips were done in a forest area which local people rarely visited and was likely to be rich in wild food resources, and the third trip was done in a forest area which they often entered to set snares and was likely to be poor in wild food resources. How does the foraging life style differ between these 2 types of forest? Furthermore, in the previous 2 controlled foraging trips the Baka cooperators used wire-snares, but did not use them on the latest trip as such durable and labor-saving wire-snares would not have been available to Stone Age hunter-gatherers. What difference does the presence or absence of wire-snares make to the foraging life style in tropical rainforests? Based on this survey of a controlled foraging trip in a communal forest which local people communally managed and exploited, we demonstrated that (1) supplying a comparable amount of food to that in remote forests rich in wild food resources, yam tubers remained a staple food for forest foragers even in a communal forest, (2) the present Baka could obtain few game animals without the use of wire snares in the communal forest, (3) game animals, like yam tubers, are a critical food for the foraging lifestyle in southeastern Cameroon forests as their scarcity has a notable impact not only on the hunter-gatherers nutritional intake but also on their emotional state