Assessment of trends in rainfall-runoff events in a mountain basin: analysis of the influence of initial conditions by means of a hydrological model and GIS

openDespite the expectation that increases in rainfall with climatic change will result in increases in pluvial flooding, there is more historical evidence for decreases in flood magnitude. The small basin of La Vizza, in the Eastern Italian Alps, provides a clear example for this type of trend divergence. In this basin, flood magnitudes are decreasing, despite increasing rainfall extremes. In this thesis we investigate how changes in soil moisture and snow water equivalent play a role in controlling the above divergence. Using catchment average precipitation and temperature, and a continuous hydrological model able to specify soil moisture and snow water equivalent at the start of each rainfall-runoff events, we aim to better understand the relative role of the two drivers in controlling the trends in runoff events (both volumes and peaks). With this overarching objective, the thesis has the following specific objectives: i) Quantify the diverging trends in annual maxima of rainfall and runoff events for the study basin; ii) Quantifying the snow cover area and snow water equivalent by means of the TOPMELT model and validating it by using MODIS satellite images; iii) Quantify the trends for event-generating precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, and antecedent snow water equivalent and assess their role in controlling the trend in runoff events. The monotonic trends will be assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and the trend slopes will be determined by Sen’s slope method. The findings of this research will have significant implications for understanding the role of the underlaying hydrological factors such as soil moisture and snow water equivalent controlling the trends in rainfall-runoff events in other similar mountain basin.Despite the expectation that increases in rainfall with climatic change will result in increases in pluvial flooding, there is more historical evidence for decreases in flood magnitude. The small basin of La Vizza, in the Eastern Italian Alps, provides a clear example for this type of trend divergence. In this basin, flood magnitudes are decreasing, despite increasing rainfall extremes. In this thesis we investigate how changes in soil moisture and snow water equivalent play a role in controlling the above divergence. Using catchment average precipitation and temperature, and a continuous hydrological model able to specify soil moisture and snow water equivalent at the start of each rainfall-runoff events, we aim to better understand the relative role of the two drivers in controlling the trends in runoff events (both volumes and peaks). With this overarching objective, the thesis has the following specific objectives: i) Quantify the diverging trends in annual maxima of rainfall and runoff events for the study basin; ii) Quantifying the snow cover area and snow water equivalent by means of the TOPMELT model and validating it by using MODIS satellite images; iii) Quantify the trends for event-generating precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, and antecedent snow water equivalent and assess their role in controlling the trend in runoff events. The monotonic trends will be assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and the trend slopes will be determined by Sen’s slope method. The findings of this research will have significant implications for understanding the role of the underlaying hydrological factors such as soil moisture and snow water equivalent controlling the trends in rainfall-runoff events in other similar mountain basin

Phytoremediation of Hazardous Radioactive Wastes

Phytoremediation technology incorporates living plants for in situ remediation of contaminated soils, sediments, tailings and groundwater. These practices integrates the removal, or degradation of toxic wastes that is capable of cleaning up an area with low to moderate levels of contamination. Phytoremediation has been studied widely for metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, etc. These studies and research are advanced, especially in small-scale operations. Phytoremediation has been successfully tested to decontamination of radioactive sites. The chapter initiates with possible remediation methods used for radioactive wastes where we will discuss types and nature of radioisotope contamination. Then we discuss discusses the classifications of phytoremediation techniques to treat radioactive contaminated waste. Phytoremediation performance depends on numerous factors such as soil composition, level of toxicity, suitable plant species, etc. Conversely, phytoremediation prospects low cost, practical and ecologically viable approach for low-level radiation waste clean-up

Potential of Hydroxamic Acid in Determination of Phenol in Industrial Waste Water

A spectrophotometric method based on N-Phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid  reaction   is described  for determination of phenol . Phenol reacts with hydroxamic acid in acidic media with V (V) to give purple complex . It has maximum absorbance of 522 nm . Beer’s law is obeyed in the range  0.006 to 0.03µg ml-1.The reaction  conditions and other analytical parameters have been optimised . The above method is found to be highly  selective and is characterized by its simplicity with accuracy and precision .It has been successfully applied to determine phenol in industrial waste water sample of six areas of Mandideep , Bhopal. Key Words : Phenol, N- Phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid, spectrophotometric, industrial waste water

Assessment of bioavailable metals in the sediments of Yamuna flood plain using two different single extraction procedures

AbstractThough flood plains are considered as most fertile areas across the world but they have come under severe stress due to the flow of untreated domestic and industrial effluents and therefore, needed attention for its characterisation and subsequent treatment plans. The sediment samples, collected at 0–15, 15–35 and 30–60 cm depth levels during pre and post monsoon season from east and west sides of the river Yamuna around the national capital region of Delhi, were assessed for bioavailability of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) using Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) and acetic acid. The average concentrations of Zn (25 ± 6 mg kg−1) and Pb (33 ± 6 mg kg−1) leached in EDTA were higher than that of in acetic acid (Zn: 22 ± 6 mg kg−1; Pb: 24 ± 5 mg kg−1) whereas Ni (24 ± 6 mg kg−1) leached more in acetic acid compared to EDTA (Ni: 21 ± 4 mg kg−1). The bioavailable concentrations of metals were comparable among 0–15 and 15–35 cm depth samples but decreased in 35–60 cm depth samples. The post monsoon samples contained lower amounts of total metals in comparison to pre-monsoon samples, an indication of washout/dilution effects of flood/high water flow during monsoon season. The percentages of metals, with reference to their respective total concentrations, in the flood plain sediments as extracted by EDTA were in the range of 14–47% for Pb, 17–54% for Zn, and 15–39% for Ni. The Zn, Ni and Pb were soluble in acetic acid in the range of 12–39%, 16.7–36.5% and 14–36%, respectively. The chemical nature of extracting agent affected the metal leaching. Acetic acid, a weak acid, extracted the metals that were present in exchangeable fraction and easily movable whereas EDTA, hexa-dentate complexing agent, extracted metals from carbonate and organically bound fractions of the sediment samples. This could result in metal accumulation in the floodplains, biomagnification, adverse effects on water quality, sediments, aquatic lives and the vegetables grown in the flood plains. Steps should be taken to stop the direct flow of untreated waste into the river to safeguard the floodplains and life forms

Glycemic control in smokers and risk of type 2 diabetes

Chronic cigarette smoking seems to markedly aggravate insulin resistance that could be due to the increase in counter-regulatory hormones such as GH, cortisol and catecholamine's that elevates blood glucose, Weight gain usually follows the cessation of smoking and increasingly, fear of weight gain discourages many smokers from attempting to quit Yet, weight gain after quitting smoking has proved so unresponsive  to preventive attempt  as to suggest that weight control  might even be incompatible with successful smoking cessation . Innovative treatments that can prevent or minimize weight gain are badly needed to encourage quitting smoking. However recently featured review and research on smoking and diabetes concluded the evidence that smoking is associated with the preparation for development of type 2 diabetes in men and women Therefore, this review focuses in the possible features of smoking cessation on the glycemic control and risk of type 2 diabetes.key words: Hyperglycemia,Smokers, types 2 diabete

A prospective randomized comparative study between trochanteric versus piriformis entry portal for intramedullary interlock nailing in the treatment of femoral shaft fracture

Background: In case of close nailing for femoral shaft fractures, the nail is inserted into the medullary cavity through the proximal femur without disturbing the periosteal blood supply of at the fracture site. The piriformis fossa and greater trochanter has been commonly described as starting points for antegrade femoral nailing. The purpose of this study was to compare results of two entry ports being used for intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures.Methods: This study was conducted during a period of one year. The patients admitted with femoral diaphyseal fractures for antegrade nailing were divided in two groups alternatively for piriformis fossa entry point and greater trochanter entry point. Total number of patient in each group was 25 (n = 25). Functional outcome were analyzed at final follow up using Hari’s hip score.Results: There was no significant difference clinical and functional output in both group but intraoperative time and fluoroscopic time was significant (P <0.001).Conclusions: Femoral nailing through the greater trochanter entry portal with specifically designed nails should be considered a rational alternative to femoral nailing compared to Piriformis fossa entry portal with the benefit of reduced requirement for fluoroscopy and decreased operative time in obese patients. Statistically no significant difference (>0.005) in clinical and Functional outcome based on Hari’s hip score

Physico-chemical analysis of selected ground water samples of Agra city, India

The aim of present study was carried out to assess the status of the groundwater in Agra city .The range of physicochemical parameters like pH (7.2-7.7), EC (1580-5200 mmhos), TDS (1020-4950 mg/l), Turbidity (1.1-31.4 NTU), Total Alkalinity (330-525 mg/l), Total hardness 240-1425 mg/l), Chloride (295-1140 mg/l), Calcium (72-436 mg/l), Magnesium 14.6-151.2 mg/l), Sodium (126.5-1254.9 mg/l) and Potassium (1.9-60.6 mg/l) were found to be higher than the natural background level of groundwater. This indicates the groundwater pollution in selected water samples from 12 sampling sites from Feb. to May 2011 of Agra city. The results considered that the groundwater of the study area in general cannot be considered as good quality

Malrotation with Distal Duodenal Necrosis in a Neonate

Malrotation with midgut volvulus often results in gangrene of midgut with relative sparing of duodenum. An extremely unusual case of Malrotation with isolated necrosis of distal duodenum is described with brief review of literature. Isolated duodenal necrosis in association with malrotation is very rare; it increases the complexity of surgery and prolongs hospital stay

PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES UNDER VARIABLE NITROGEN LEVELS IN THE EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH

A field experiment was conducted at the Indo Gangetic plain of Varanasi in 2017 during the rainy season. The study was conducted in a split-plot design with three main plots treatments viz. three rice varieties (V1- BPT-5204, V2- Rajendra Kasturi and V3- HUBR 2-1) and four subplots treatments viz. nitrogen levels (N1- 100, N2- 120, N3- 140 and N4- 160 kg ha-1). Each treatment was replicated three times. The results of the study revealed that the BPT-5204 variety had significantly higher growth attributes as compared to the other two varieties, including plant height (104.92 cm), leaf area index (5.26),  tiller hill-1 (8.25), and dry matter production  (46.59 g hill-1), similarly yield and yield parameters were highest in BPT- 5204 rice variety viz. the number of panicles m-2 (352.50), grains panicle-1 (177.08), panicles weight (3.51g), panicle length (23.67 cm), grain yield (50.73q ha-1), biological yield (112.90 q ha-1) and harvest index (0.45) but HUBR 2-1 variety gave significantly higher straw yields (62.17q ha-1) and test weight (20.91 g). For the subplots treatments, nitrogen (N) level 160 kg ha-1 gave the significantly highest growth parameters, yield and yield parameters