Differences in Maternal Leptin Serum Levels Between Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND: Maternal circulating leptin, placental leptin gene expression and protein levels are increased in preeclampsia as compared with those in normal pregnancy. Increased serum leptin levels in preeclampsia which correspond with increased gestational age can be used independently or with other parameters as a marker for the severity of preeclampsia. The advantages of this examination in identifying preeclampsia severity are its simplicity, fast result, low cost and applicability.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in delivery room, polyclinic of Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, and Biomedical Laboratories of Medical Faculty of Andalas University from December 2013 to April 2014. The samples were collected from 68 women with singleton pregnancy in their third trimester (>28 weeks) presenting to the polyclinic and the delivery room of Dr. M. Djamil hospital. Differences in maternal serum leptin between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy were determined using t-test and Wilcoxon test for data with and without normal distribution, respectively, where p<0.05 indicating a significant results.RESULTS: The mean maternal serum leptin levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia were 1588.7964 ± 8.01074 ng/mL and 1608.1725 ± 6.69579 ng/mL, respectively. Thus, there is a statistically significant difference in mean maternal serum leptin levels between the normal pregnancy and preeclampsia (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in maternal serum leptin levels between women with normal pregnancy and preeclampsia

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Audit Report Lag pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the factors that affect the audit report lag. Factors tested audit report lag is a measure of the company, the firm size, auditor turnover and profitability. The population in this study were 45 blue-chip companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange Year 2011-2012. Data were obtained from the blue-chip companys financial statementsin 2011-2012. Based onpurposive sampling method, samples were obtained by 33 companies and 2 years of data are used so that the sample companies to 66 companies. This hypothesis was tested using multiple regression analysis.The results ofthis study indicatethat company size, turnover and profitability auditors significant effect on audit report lag. While the size of the firm no effect on audit report lag.Keywords: Audit report lag, the size of the company, the size of the firm, the change of auditors and auditor turnover

Pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain and their effects on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a cohort study in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Background: Indonesia has a considerably high incidence of maternal and infant mortality. The country has however been experiencing a social and economic transition, influencing its general population demographics and nutritional status including the state of health and nutrition of pregnant women. This study aimed to explore body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and their relationship with pregnancy outcomes in a sample of Indonesian pregnant women. Methods: This observational cohort study included a total of 607 pregnant women who were recruited in 2010 from maternity clinics in Western Sumatra, Indonesia. Multiple logistic and regression analyses were undertaken to compare pregnancy and birth outcomes for different BMI and GWG, using normal weight women and women with a recommended weight gain as the referent groups. Results: The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) in pregnancy was high at 20.1%; while 21.7% of women were overweight (BMI: 23.0–27.4 kg/m2) and 5.3% obese (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) using the Asian BMI classifications. The incidence of overweight (BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) according to the international BMI classifications were 13.5% and 1.1% respectively. The majority of women gained inadequate weight in pregnancy compared to the Institute of Medicine (IOM)recommendations, especially those who had a normal BMI. Birthweight adjusted mean difference aMD (95% confidence interval) 205 (46,365) and the odds of macrosomia adjusted odds ratio aOR 13.46 (2.32–77.99) significantly increased in obese women compared to those with a normal BMI. Birthweight aMD -139 (−215, −64) significantly decreased in women with inadequate GWG compared to those with recommended GWG, while SGA aOR 5.44 (1.36, 21.77) and prematurity aOR 3.55 (1.23, 10.21) increased. Conclusions: Low nutritional status and inadequate GWG remain a cause for concern in these women. The higher odds of macrosomia with increasing maternal BMI and higher odds of prematurity and small for gestational age infants with inadequate weight gain also require attention. Research and practice recommendations: Urgent attention is required by researchers, policy makers and decision makers to facilitate development of culturally sensitive interventions to enhance nutritional status and health of mothers and babies, in an area known for its high incidence of maternal and neonatal mortality. Keywords: Maternal BMI, Gestational weight gain, Pregnancy outcomes, Birthweight, Indonesia, Cohort stud

Additional file 1: of Pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain and their effects on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a cohort study in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Comparison of pregnancy and birth outcomes according to pre-pregnancy BMI categories using international and Asian classifications. This gives a table of pregnancy and birth outcome proportions according to pre-pregnancy BMI for the two BMI classification systems. (PDF 45 kb

Additional file 2: of Pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain and their effects on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a cohort study in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Pregnancy and birth outcomes in relation to various gestational weight gains according to IOM recommendations for all BMI groups combined based on international and Asian classifications. This gives a table of pregnancy and birth outcome proportions according to IOM weight gain category, when applied to each BMI classification system. (PDF 38 kb