Causes of road traffic accidents in Juba

Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of death and disability in South Sudan. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether violation of traffic rules is the main cause of RTAs.Method: A cross sectional study design was used with quantitative data covering January – December 2014. The main objective of the research was to understand the epidemiology of RTAs in order to develop preventive measures. A total of 1,725 cases from road RTAs data were extracted from the directorate of traffic police Central Equatoria state Juba and Juba teaching hospital.Results: Most (99.5%) of the RTA drivers were not under the influence of alcohol. Most accidents were caused by male drivers (99%). The highest number of RTAs took place in August (11%). Drivers of private vehicles caused most accidents (37%). Most drivers (46%) were aged 20-30 years. RTAs occurred most often on city roads (89.83%). Conclusion: This leads us to conclude that a comprehensive safety system is needed that are premised on the idea of community-based awareness of traffic rules and safety regulations. Resources are limited so there is a need to harness local resources including the local community. More efforts are needed to improve road safety education among the youth/ integrate safety into road design.Key Words: Road traffic accidents, private vehicles, alcoho

Effects of consistency vs. variability in robotically controlled training of stepping in adult spinal mice

This paper studies the possible benefit that can be obtained by introducing variability into the robotic control of trajectories used to train hindlimb locomotion in adult spinal mice. The spinal cords of adult female Swiss-Webster mice were completely transected at a mid-thoracic level. Fourteen days post-transection, the spinal mice were robotically trained to step in the presence of a 5-HT agonist, quipazine, for a period of six weeks. In this pilot study nine animals were divided into three groups, each receiving a different control strategy: a fixed training trajectory (Group A), a variable training trajectory without interlimb coordination imposed (Group B) and a variable training trajectory with hindlimb bilateral coordination imposed (Group C). Preliminary results indicate that Group A recovers more slowly than the two groups receiving variable modes of robotic training. Groups B and C show higher levels of recovery than Group A in terms of the number of steps performed during testing sessions, as well as in their step periodicity and shape consistency. Group C displays a higher incidence of alternating stepping than Group B. These results indicate that variable trajectory robotic training paradigms may be more effective than fixed trajectory paradigms in promoting robust post-injury stepping behavior. Furthermore, it appears that the inclusion of interlimb coordination is an important contribution to successful training

Utility of Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score to Estimate Prevalence of Familial Hypercholestrolemia in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background Hypercholesterolaemia is prevalent in the Malaysian population, and its treatment control rates remain suboptimal1. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant condition that leads to accelerated arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The prevalence of FH in the general population worldwide has been postulated to be 1:3132 and 1:100 in the Malaysian community3. It has been proposed that lipid lowering treatment prevents further increase in total cardiovascular risk of FH patients, and this recommendation is extensible for FH patients plus atherosclerotic CAD (coronary artery disease). However, despite its implication in CAD, FH is still an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition2-4. To date, the prevalence of FH in the STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) population in Malaysia is not studied. Establishing the prevalence of FH among patients with CAD and comparing this with the general population would help future efforts at identifying subjects with FH. Objective We aim to estimate the prevalence of FH in patients with STEMI in Sarawak using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) score. Materials and Methods Patients who were admitted for type-1 STEMI from April 2021 until July 2021 to Pusat Jantung Sarawak were recruited. History taking and physical examination were carried out on-site. FH was screened clinically using DLCN score. Results Out of the recruited patients, 45% of the cohort was clinically categorized into probable/ possible FH without genetic testing. Mean age and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were 52.7 and 3.38mmol/l respectively. Prevalence of premature CAD was 63%. Male gender, smoking, high BMI was the most frequent risk factor observed. Conclusions Prevalence of probable/possible familial hypercholesterolemia in a STEMI cohort using DLCN score is 45%. DLCN score in the STEMI cohort is not related to LDL levels

Coronary artery calcification – distribution, extent and 1-year outcomes in patients with low to intermediate pre-test probability of coronary artery disease.

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is an established marker to predict major cardiovascular events (MACE), and has incremental value over traditional risk factors (CVRF). CAC is widely available, easily reproducible, and used in nearly all coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) assessment protocols for coronary artery disease (CAD). The distribution and extent of CAC, and its prognostic implications in local Malaysian patients with low to intermediate pre-test probability (LI-PTP) of CAD had not been established. Objectives: We aimed to establish the distribution, extent and prognostic implications of CAC in patients without known CAD, but with LI-PTP of CAD, undergoing CCTA for chest pain evaluation. Methods: Clinical information was obtained from consecutive patients who underwent CAC and CCTA examination from January 2020 to January 2021 at a single public access tertiary referral centre. The primary outcomes were the distribution and extent of CAC, and its relationship with MACE at 1 year. Results: Of 499 consecutive patients, 7 were excluded due to high PTP. CAC was present in 172/492 (35%). Within this group, 74/172 (41.3%) had CAC score of 1-100 (mild), 75/172 (42.4%) had a CAC of 101- 400 (moderate), 23/172 (13.4%) had CAC of >400 (high). 136 had suspected significant CAD and was offered conventional coronary angiography (CCA). 91/492 underwent CCA, and 38 were found to have significant CAD. Of those found to have significant CAD, 7/38 (18.4%) had CAC of zero, 8/38 (21.1%) had mild CAC, 12/38 (31.6%) moderate, and 11/38 (30%) high CAC. Severe CAC was associated with a higher rate of revascularization 11/23 (47.8%), compared to those with zero 7/320 (2.2%), mild 8/74 (10.8%) and moderate 12/75 (16%) CAC. Predictors of high CAC were age, male gender, and presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Of the 492 patients, 230 patients completed 1 year follow-up, and from this, 1 patient had a MACE. Conclusion In patients with LI-PTP risk of CAD, CAC was seen in approximately one third of our cohort. In the group with high CAC, a higher proportion required coronary revascularization, but MACE remained low at 1 year

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography as part of initial strategy, in assessment of patients with chest pain – clinical experience and 1 year prognosis.

Background: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has been showed to have high specificity and sensitivity for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD). In Malaysia, national guidelines state that CCTA may be used in low- to intermediate pre-test probability (LI-PTP) of CAD, who have an equivocal functional test result, and who are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic with good exercise capacity. Recent evidence suggested a ‘CCTA-first’ strategy in the evaluation of a patient with chest pain could provide prognostic benefits. Prognostic benefits of adopting this strategy in Malaysia has not been well studied. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate 12-month clinical outcomes of patients with LI-PTP, using the CCTA as an initial strategy, or as part of the work-up for, chest pain assessment. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent CCTA examination from January 2020 to January 2021 were enrolled. Clinical information was then extracted. Primary outcome was defined as presence of stenosis of >50% in a major epicardial coronary artery; and secondary outcome defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary revascularisation. Results: Among the initial 499 patients, 7 were excluded as they were high in PTP. The mean PTP was 47.1±26.3. Baseline characteristics were available in 300 patients. The mean age was 53.5±11.4 years, 59.3% were male, 18.6% were diabetic, 71.2% had hypertension, and 50.8% had hypercholestrolaemia. 1.9% had an equivocal functional test for ischaemia. Of the 492 LI-PTP patients who underwent CCTA, 136 patients were suspected to have significant CAD, and recommended conventional coronary angiography (CCA). Of these, 91 patients underwent CCA. From this group 38 were found to have significant CAD which warranted revascularisation – 32 by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 6 referred for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Therefore, utilising this strategy, 7.7% (38/492) of patients met the primary outcome. Of the original cohort of 492 LI-PTP patients, only 230 completed 1 year follow up, and from this, one patient met the secondary outcome. Conclusion Incorporation of CCTA into contemporary chest pain evaluation identified significant number of patients with significant CAD and was also associated with a low cardiac event rate at 1 year follow-up

Prevalence of Acid alpha-Glucosidase (GAA) Pseudodefiency Allele and It’s Clinical Significance Among Patients with Cardiomyopathy

Background: Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity, leading to the progressive accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes of the skeletal and cardiac muscles. An alpha-glucosidase (GAA) pseudodeficiency allele is a change in the GAA gene sequence that results in GAA enzyme activity reduction, but does not cause Pompe disease. In Japan and Taiwan, there is high prevalence of pseudodeficiency allele (c.1725G>A and c.2065G>A) detected from their newborn screening. We observed similar prevalence of pseudodeficiency allele among our patients who had genetic test performed for suspected hereditary cardiomyopathy. Objectives: To report the prevalence of GAA pseudodeficiency allele, and to ascertain its clinical significance among patients with cardiomyopathy. Methods: The clinical data of the patients with GAA mutations were retrieved. Patients were called back for neurological examination, lung function test, measurement of creatine kinase (CK) level and dried-blood-spot for GAA enzymatic activity. Results: From January to December 2021, 33 patients underwent genetic testing. 23 out of the 33 genetic analyses included GAA mutation. 9 (39.13%) out of 23 were tested positive for pseudodeficiency allele. Their median age was 53 years (range 29-82), 44.4% were males with equal ethnic distribution (33.3% Malay, 33.3% Chinese, 33.3% Dayaks). All were heterozygous for the pseudodeficiency allele: 5 (55.6%) with c.[1726A; 2065A] allele, the other 4 (44.4%) c.2065G>A. The underlying cardiomyopathy phenotypes were hypertrophic (44.4%), transthyretin amyloid (22.2%), hypertensive (22.2%) and Fabry (11.1%). 1 patient (11.1%) with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy died of advanced heart failure at age 79 years. 1 patient had mild motor weakness of the limbs attributable to thyrotoxicosis, while the other 7 patients had normal skeletal motor function. Their median predicted forced vital capacity was 87.5% (range 76-103), median CK level was 103 U/L (range 39-297) and median GAA activity was 4.8 micromol/l/h (range 3.2-9.2) [normal > 2.0]. Conclusion: The prevalence of GAA pseudodeficiency allele among patients with cardiomyopathy is 39.13%. None of the patients exhibit significant muscle weakness or respiratory insufficiency despite low normal enzymatic activity. Whether the presence of pseudodeficiency allele affects the prognosis of the underlying cardiomyopathy remains uncertain

Solvent-free fluidic organic dye lasers

We report on the demonstration of liquid organic dye lasers based on 9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole (EHCz), so-called liquid carbazole, doped with green-and red-emitting laser dyes. Both waveguide and Fabry-Perot type microcavity fluidic organic dye lasers were prepared by capillary action under solvent-free conditions. Cascade Forster-type energy transfer processes from liquid carbazole to laser dyes were employed to achieve color-variable amplified spontaneous emission and lasing. Overall, this study provides the first step towards the development of solvent-free fluidic organic semiconducting lasers and demonstrates a new kind of optoelectronic applications for liquid organic semiconductors

Hybrid additive manufacturing of 3D electronic systems

A novel hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) technology combining digital light projection (DLP) stereolithography (SL) with 3D micro-dispensing alongside conventional surface mount packaging is presented in this work. This technology overcomes the inherent limitations of individual AM processes and integrates seamlessly with conventional packaging processes to enable the deposition of multiple materials. This facilitates the creation of bespoke end-use products with complex 3D geometry and multi-layer embedded electronic systems. Through a combination of four-point probe measurement and non-contact focus variation microscopy, it was identified that there was no obvious adverse effect of DLP SL embedding process on the electrical conductivity of printed conductors. The resistivity maintained to be less than 4  ×  10−4 Ω centerdot cm before and after DLP SL embedding when cured at 100 °C for 1 h. The mechanical strength of SL specimens with thick polymerized layers was also identified through tensile testing. It was found that the polymerization thickness should be minimised (less than 2 mm) to maximise the bonding strength. As a demonstrator a polymer pyramid with embedded triple-layer 555 LED blinking circuitry was successfully fabricated to prove the technical viability

Impact of Myocardial Viability Assessed by Delayed Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance on Clinical Outcomes in Real World Practice

Background: Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (DeCMRI) has become the preferred method for viability assessment. It is well established that viable dysfunctional myocardium has the potential for functional recovery after revascularization. Objective: Our objective is to evaluate whether viability assessment by DeCMRI affects clinical outcome in daily clinical practice. Methodology:We retrospectively studied 132 consecutive patients (114 male, mean age 59 ± 10 years) with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (Mean LVEF: 29.1 ± 14%) who underwent CMRI viability testing from 1st Jan-31st Dec 2015 in our centre. Patientswere divided into 3 groups: Group A: Viable myocardium- optimal medical therapy only (38.6%); B: Viable myocardium- revascularization done (29.5%); and C: Nonviable myocardium (29.5%). Results: Mean age for groups A, B and C were 61.2, 58.3, 56.2 years respectively, p=0.048. The proportion of triple vessel disease in each of the groups were 56.1%, 54.5% and 38.5% (p=0.44); whereas left main involvement was 31.7%, 21.2% and 19.2% respectively (p=0.43). Majority of group C patients did not undergo revascularisation (90%). Group B had statistically significant EF improvement (5.5%, SD 11.9) compared to Group A (-0.6%, SD 6.7) and Group C (-1.2%, SD 9.8), p value 0.014. Mortality at 1 year was significantly higher in Group A compared to Group Band C (31.4%, 7.7% and 12.8% respectively, p=0.009). MACE rates were also increased in Group A compared to the other two groups (41.2%, 20.5% and 27.0%, p=0.09). Odds Ratio for MACE was 3.01 (95% Cl 1.22 - 7.45) for Group A vs B and 2.8 (95% Cl 1.1 - 6.9) for Group A vs C. Conclusion: Patients with viable myocardium who did not undergo revascularization (group A) had the worst prognosis, even when compared to those with non-viable myocardium; with significantly higher 1-year mortality. Although not statistically significant, there was also a trend towards higher MACE in these patients. These findings emphasize that patients with poor LV function but viable myocardium need to undergo revascularisation and that optimal medical therapy alone is not sufficient

The impacts of environmental warming on Odonata: a review

Climate change brings with it unprecedented rates of increase in environmental temperature, which will have major consequences for the earth's flora and fauna. The Odonata represent a taxon that has many strong links to this abiotic factor due to its tropical evolutionary history and adaptations to temperate climates. Temperature is known to affect odonate physiology including life-history traits such as developmental rate, phenology and seasonal regulation as well as immune function and the production of pigment for thermoregulation. A range of behaviours are likely to be affected which will, in turn, influence other parts of the aquatic ecosystem, primarily through trophic interactions. Temperature may influence changes in geographical distributions, through a shifting of species' fundamental niches, changes in the distribution of suitable habitat and variation in the dispersal ability of species. Finally, such a rapid change in the environment results in a strong selective pressure towards adaptation to cope and the inevitable loss of some populations and, potentially, species. Where data are lacking for odonates, studies on other invertebrate groups will be considered. Finally, directions for research are suggested, particularly laboratory studies that investigate underlying causes of climate-driven macroecological patterns