Intellectual Property Rights in India: Significance of Patents

This paper highlights an overview of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in India and their trends. Importantly, patents have played a key role in changing national and global innovation landscape.The IPR trends during 2003-13, the approved rate of designs (87.38%) and trademarks registrations (65.54%) were significantly higher than the granted patents (22.06%) in India. Though, the patents (63.26%) have generated huge revenues than the designs, trademarks and GIs over last decade.Total number of patent grantsoverthe last 10 years was 69,745 out of which 21.71% were granted to Indians and 78.29% wereto foreign applicants. Maharashtra, Delhi and Southern states are leading in filing patents. Streams like chemical and mechanical engineering have produced highest number of patents whereas bio-technology and foods field were at the low preference. This paper also deals with the patent grants in Asian countries.On an average, the percentage of patent grants in Japan, Korea and Taiwan was 43.08, 43.95 and 45.88 respectively. China has shown massive interest in patent filing in recent years and the overall percentage of patent grantsover last dozen years was 32.99%. When compared withAsian countries, India was least innovative nation among them in terms of patent filing witha granting percentage of23.07. It indicates, India is conscious about its IPR polices with higher rejection of filed patents. It has also shown considerable increase in its research and innovation capabilities. Over the last 10 years, India managed to produce 2.84 lac research publications. In the 2012, India ranked 9th in scientific publications at a global share of 3.5%. Inthe global innovation index over the last 5 years,on an average,Indian inputsub-index ranking was 74.6% and output subindex ranking was 45.8%.Besides, India was often ranked at No. 01in the region of Central and Southern Asia for the last 5 years. India has been consistently ranked in the top ten when it compared to lower-middle-income (LMI) economies worldwide. However, IPR culture in India is anything but satisfactory. It demands effective strategies for encouraging and building IPR activities and explore scientific and industrial research and innovationin India

Intellectual Property Rights in India: Significance of Patents

This paper highlights an overview of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in India and their trends. Importantly, patents have played a key role in changing national and global innovation landscape.The IPR trends during 2003-13, the approved rate of designs (87.38%) and trademarks registrations (65.54%) were significantly higher than the granted patents (22.06%) in India. Though, the patents (63.26%) have generated huge revenues than the designs, trademarks and GIs over last decade.Total number of patent grantsoverthe last 10 years was 69,745 out of which 21.71% were granted to Indians and 78.29% wereto foreign applicants. Maharashtra, Delhi and Southern states are leading in filing patents. Streams like chemical and mechanical engineering have produced highest number of patents whereas bio-technology and foods field were at the low preference. This paper also deals with the patent grants in Asian countries.On an average, the percentage of patent grants in Japan, Korea and Taiwan was 43.08, 43.95 and 45.88 respectively. China has shown massive interest in patent filing in recent years and the overall percentage of patent grantsover last dozen years was 32.99%. When compared withAsian countries, India was least innovative nation among them in terms of patent filing witha granting percentage of23.07. It indicates, India is conscious about its IPR polices with higher rejection of filed patents. It has also shown considerable increase in its research and innovation capabilities. Over the last 10 years, India managed to produce 2.84 lac research publications. In the 2012, India ranked 9th in scientific publications at a global share of 3.5%. Inthe global innovation index over the last 5 years,on an average,Indian inputsub-index ranking was 74.6% and output subindex ranking was 45.8%.Besides, India was often ranked at No. 01in the region of Central and Southern Asia for the last 5 years. India has been consistently ranked in the top ten when it compared to lower-middle-income (LMI) economies worldwide. However, IPR culture in India is anything but satisfactory. It demands effective strategies for encouraging and building IPR activities and explore scientific and industrial research and innovationin India

Estimation of the growth curve parameters in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Growth is one of the most important characteristics of cultured species. The objective of this study was to determine the fitness of linear, log linear, polynomial, exponential and Logistic functions to the growth curves of Macrobrachium rosenbergii obtained by using weekly records of live weight, total length, head length, claw length, and last segment length from 20 to 192 days of age. The models were evaluated according to the coefficient of determination (R2), and error sum off square (ESS) and helps in formulating breeders in selective breeding programs. Twenty full-sib families consisting 400 PLs each were stocked in 20 different hapas and reared till 8 weeks after which a total of 1200 animals were transferred to earthen ponds and reared up to 192 days. The R2 values of the models ranged from 56 – 96 in case of overall body weight with logistic model being the highest. The R2 value for total length ranged from 62 to 90 with logistic model being the highest. In case of head length, the R2 value ranged between 55 and 95 with logistic model being the highest. The R2 value for claw length ranged from 44 to 94 with logistic model being the highest. For last segment length, R2 value ranged from 55 – 80 with polynomial model being the highest. However, the log linear model registered low ESS value followed by linear model for overall body weight while exponential model showed low ESS value followed by log linear model in case of head length. For total length the low ESS value was given by log linear model followed by logistic model and for claw length exponential model showed low ESS value followed by log linear model. In case of last segment length, linear model showed lowest ESS value followed by log linear model. Since, the model that shows highest R2 value with low ESS value is generally considered as the best fit model. Among the five models tested, logistic model, log linear model and linear models were found to be the best models for overall body weight, total length and head length respectively. For claw length and last segment length, log linear model was found to be the best model. These models can be used to predict growth rates in M. rosenbergii. However, further studies need to be conducted with more growth traits taken into consideratio

Scientific publication process and its impact on growth of science

13-20Scientific publications are important for researchers to learn about earlier research in an area and also communicate their own research work. It helps the scholar and the publisher to achieve greater visibility to their research and to the reader to learn about an author’s work. This paper reports the scientific publication process and reviews the existing literature on scholarly communication and evaluation. The concept of "stakeholders circle methodology" has been adopted to draw a generalised approach for visualising research impact. In this study, scientific publication process has been divided into two stages: pre-and post-publication. Both these stages have significant impact on the publication process, from communication to dissemination. In the pre-publication stage, various components such as creation (for novelty and integrity), evaluation (for generality and quality), and publishing (for copyright and cost) are discussed. In the post-publication stage, the outcomes (publications, patents and citations) hold significance, particularly in measuring research impact for greater visibility, promotion, rank and reputation

Scientific publication process and its impact on growth of science

Scientific publications are important for researchers to learn about earlier research in an area and also communicate their own research work. It helps the scholar and the publisher to achieve greater visibility to their research and to the reader to learn about an author’s work. This paper reports the scientific publication process and reviews the existing literature on scholarly communication and evaluation. The concept of "stakeholders circle methodology" has been adopted to draw a generalised approach for visualising research impact. In this study, scientific publication process has been divided into two stages: pre-and post-publication. Both these stages have significant impact on the publication process, from communication to dissemination. In the pre-publication stage, various components such as creation (for novelty and integrity), evaluation (for generality and quality), and publishing (for copyright and cost) are discussed. In the post-publication stage, the outcomes (publications, patents and citations) hold significance, particularly in measuring research impact for greater visibility, promotion, rank and reputation

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop the formulation and in vitro evaluation of Orodispersible tablets by wet granulation method using Donepezil HCl as a model drug to enhance patient compliance. Methods: In the wet granulation method, a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were used along with superdisintegrants, i.e., croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone. The prepared granules were subjected to both pre and post-compression evaluation parameters including; FTIR spectroscopy, micromeritics properties, tablet weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. Results: FTIR studies indicated that there was nointeraction between the drug and the excipients used. The formulation containing high concentration of crospovidone and mixture as the best formulation F2 based on in vitro drug release characteristics of tablet formulation. Conclusion: The results of this work suggested that orodispersible tablets of Donepezil hydrochloride with rapid disintegration time, fast drug release and good hardness can be efficiently and successfully formulated by wet granulation method

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF RAMELTEON TABLETS FOR COLON DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM BY COMPRESSION COATING

Objective: Ramelteon, is a sleep agent that selectively binds to the MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), instead of binding to GABAA receptors. In the present research work, the formulation of ramelteon targeted to colon by using various polymers developed. Methods: Colon-targeted tablets were prepared in two steps. Initially, core tablets were prepared and then the tablets were coated by using different pH dependent polymers. Ethylcellulose, Eudragit RLPO and L100 were used as enteric coating polymers. The precompression blend of all formulations was subjected to various flow property tests and all the formulations were passed the tests. The tablets were coated by using polymers and the coated tablets were subjected to physical characterization, drug content, in vitro drug release and kinetics of drug release. Results: Among all the formulations, F4 formulation was found to be optimized as it was retarded the drug release up to 18 h and showed maximum of 99.25% drug release. It followed the first-order kinetics mechanism. All the formulations having Korsmeyer-Peppas ‘n’ values are in the range of 0.540 to 0.818. Hence, it was concluded that the prepared formulations followed non-Fickian diffusion. Conclusion: An effective and stable remelteon colon targeted formulation developed for treating insomnia

Preparation and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles by Novel Sol-Gel Technique

Recent developments of nanosize materials of metal and metal oxide particles are intensively pursued because of their prominence in different fields of applications. Among all the transition metal oxides, CuO is a potential candidate for the application of magnetic storage devices, solar energy transfer, sensors, and super capacitors etc. Moreover CuO nanoparticles act as a good catalyst in some of the chemical reactions. CuO nanoparticles were prepared by novel sol-gel method. In this technique CuCl2.6H2O is added with acetic acid and heated to 100 °C with continuous stirring. To control the ph of the above solution, NaOH is added to the solution till ph reached desired value. The color of the solution changed from blue to black with precipitation. The black precipitation was washed 3 – 4 times with distilled water. Finally the solution was centrifuged and dried in air for one day. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized by studying their structure with X-ray diffraction and composition by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The size of the nanoparticles is estimated by particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. The optical studies were carried out with Uv-Vis spectrophotometer. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2960

Effect of Pulse Voltage Trimming on Different Characteristics of Polymer Thick Film Resistors

AbstractIn this work we study in more details the impact of pulse voltage trimming on different characteristics of thick film resistors based on (PVC-Graphite) resistor compositions. This study focuses on the change of resistivity, thermal coefficient of resistance and current noise. In order to realize a non cut trimming without damage to the resistor surface of thick film resistors for electronic devices, a pulse voltage trimming method (PVTM) has been developed. This trimming method having resistance adjustments are due to pulse peak voltage and the number of pulse group. TCR and current noise of trimmed resistors are considerably improved by this trimming technique in the case of higher resistivity materials and worsen in the case of lower resistivity materials and there is no loss in power handling capacity of trimmed resistors. We propose a description of pulse voltage trimming which can explain the observed changes in characteristics of the samples