Kebijakan Amerika Serikat terhadap Pengaruh Iran di Kawasan Amerika Latin pada Masa Pemerintahan Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Tahun 2009-2013

The aim of the research is to explain about the foreign policy of United States in countering Irans expansion in Latin America under Ahmadinejads administration in second term. Iran has significantly increased its diplomatic ties with Latin America especially the leftist group to counter the imperialism of West and United States. Ahmadinejad looks Latin America as a compatible alliances when the United States and Latin America in high tensions condition and particularly to get a political support with their nuclear program which get sanctions and pressures from United States and its allies such as European Union and United Nation and forcing Iran to stop their nuclear program.The research was conducted using research methods literature where the data and information obtained from sources which are relevant to the research problems. This reasearch uses perspective to analyze nation of United States and Rational Actor theory proposed by Graham T. Allison and the concept of national interest of Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton.This search shows that the policy of the United States to use a comprehensive government-wide strategy to counter Irans growing hostile presence and activity in the Western Hemisphere by working together with United States allies and partners in the region to mutually deter threats to United States interests by the Government of Iran, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), the IRGCs Qods Force, and Hezbollah.Keywords: Foreing Policy of United States, Iran Nuclear Program, Western Hemisphere, Diplomatic Ties

Fruit waste adsorbent for ammonia nitrogen removal from synthetic solution: isotherms and kinetics

In this study, four types of watermelon rind (WR) adsorbents; fresh WR, modified WR with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were used as a potential low-cost adsorbent to remove NH3-N from solution. The adsorption data were fitted with the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models to predict the mechanisms and kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process. The equilibrium data agreed well with Langmuir isotherm model with highest correlation (R2=1.00). As for kinetic modelling, the adsorption process follows pseudo-second order for all four types of adsorbents which has R2 value of 1.0 and calculated adsorption capacity, Qe of 1.2148mg/g. The calculated Qe for pseudo-second order has the smallest difference with the experimental Qe and thus suggest that this adsorption process is mainly governed by chemical process involving cations sharing or exchange between WR adsorbent and NH3-N in the solution

Ammonia-Nitrogen Recovery from Synthetic Solution using Agricultural Waste Fibers

In this study, modification of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) fibers as a means to recover ammonianitrogen from a synthetic solution was investigated. Methods: The EFB fiber was modified using sodium hydroxide.Adsorption-desorption studies of ammonia nitrogen into the modified EFB fiber were investigated Findings: Theincrease in adsorption capacity was found to be proportional with the increase of pH up to 7, temperature and ammoniaconcentration. The maximum adsorption capacity is 0.53-10.89 mg/g. The attachment of ammonia nitrogen involves ionexchange-chemisorption. The maximum desorption capacity of 0.0999 mg/g. Applications: This study can be used as abaseline for designing a low cost adsorbent system for ammonia nitrogen recovery drainage and industrial wastewater aswell as EFBs-palm oil mill effluent composting

Natural flavonoids as potential multifunctional agents in prevention of diabetic cataract

Cataract is one of the earliest secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. The lens is a closed system with limited capability to repair or regenerate itself. Current evidence supports the view that cataractogenesis is a multifactorial process. Mechanisms related to glucose toxicity, namely oxidative stress, processes of non-enzymatic glycation and enhanced polyol pathway significantly contribute to the development of eye lens opacity under conditions of diabetes. There is an urgent need for inexpensive, non-surgical approaches to the treatment of cataract. Recently, considerable attention has been devoted to the search for phytochemical therapeutics. Several pharmacological actions of natural flavonoids may operate in the prevention of cataract since flavonoids are capable of affecting multiple mechanisms or etiological factors responsible for the development of diabetic cataract. In the present paper, natural flavonoids are reviewed as potential agents that could reduce the risk of cataract formation via affecting multiple pathways pertinent to eye lens opacification. In addition, the bioavailability of flavonoids for the lens is considered

Ammonia nitrogen removal from aqueous solution by local agricultural wastes

Excess ammonia nitrogen in the waterways causes serious distortion to environment such as eutrophication and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Ammonia nitrogen removal from synthetic solution was investigated by using 40 local agricultural wastes as potential low cost adsorbent. Some of the adsorbent were able to remove ammonia nitrogen with adsorption capacity ranging from 0.58 mg/g to 3.58 mg/g. The highest adsorption capacity was recorded by Langsat peels with 3.58 mg/g followed by Jackfruit seeds and Moringa peels with 3.37 mg/g and 2.64 mg/g respectively. This experimental results show that the agricultural wastes can be utilized as biosorbent for ammonia nitrogen removal. The effect of initial ammonia nitrogen concentration, pH and stirring rate on the adsorption process were studied in batch experiment. The adsorption capacity reached maximum value at pH 7 with initial concentration of 500 mg/L and the removal rate decreased as stirring rate was applied

Formulasi Sediaan Tablet Hisap Ekstrak Kering Habbatus Sauda' (Nigella Sativa L.) dengan Kombinasi Sukrosa-manitol sebagai Bahan Pengisi

Habbatus sauda' (Nigella sativa. L) telah banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia dengan bentuk sediaan kapsul. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti memilih bentuk sediaan tablet hisap yang bertujuan untuk memberikan suatu bentuk pengobatan yang dapat diberikan dengan mudah kepada anak-anak atau orang tua yang sukar menelan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' dengan kombinasi sukrosa – manitol sebagai bahan pengisi. Ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' dibuat dengan menggunakan pelarut air dan dikeringkan dengan freeze dryer. Tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' dibuat dalam 3 Formula (F) dengan kombinasi sukrosa dan manitol yaitu FI (sukrosa 1: manitol 5), FII (sukrosa 1 : manitol 6) dan FIII (sukrosa 1 : manitol 7). Metode granulasi basah digunakan dalam pembuatan tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda'. Pengujian granul meliputi uji waktu alir, sudut diam, kompresibilitas dan uji kadar air. Tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' yang diperoleh diuji sifat fisik meliputi keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan dan uji waktu larut tablet. Data hasil uji granul dan uji sifat fisik tablet dibandingkan dengan pustaka dan uji waktu alir granul dan uji kekerasan tablet dianalisa secara statistik menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pada kekerasan dan rasa tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' dengan kombinasi sukrosa-manitol. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tablet hisap ekstrak kering habbatus sauda' dengan konsentrasi sukrosa (1) : manitol (5) memiliki kriteria memenuhi persyaratan evaluasi tablet sebagai tablet hisap dengan kekerasan tablet 8,57/kg, waktu larut 13.27/menit dan kerapuhan 0,12%