The Role of Physical, Human and Social Capital in Regional Financial Development Differences: An Analysis of Turkish Provinces

The Role of Physical, Human and Social Capital in Regional Financial Development Differences: An Analysis of Turkish Provinces Ercan Dulgeroglu , Sibel Bali Eryigit , Kadir Y. Eryigit and Filiz Gaygusuz Abstract With the undeniable importance of the financial markets in the economy, the factors stimulating financial development have started to be researched, particularly in recent times in a more intensive way. Starting from this point, the driving force of this study is both to contribute to international literature in this field and to fill a gap in the literature related to Turkey. The main purpose of this study is to explain the causes of regional financial development differences on the basis of capital accumulation. In order to answer the question ‘What is the effect and degree of importance of physical, human and social capital on the differences in regional financial development?’, in this study some indexes for financial development and each type of capital accumulation will be calculated using kernel principle components analysis and depending on the annual data of 81 provinces covering the period 2005 – 2009. As an index, the capital measurements can be seen in a comprehensive form allowing for more accurate measurement and evaluation of both the capital accumulation and financial development. By using the calculated indexes, then, financial development differences are evaluated with spatial panel data methods developed by Elhorst (2003). In this context, to our knowledge, this study is the first to take into account the effects of each type of capital on financial development in a model simultaneously. Keywords: Financial development, physical capital, human capital, social capital, spatial panel data analysis,

Path integral simulation of exchange interactions in CMOS spin qubits

The boom of semiconductor quantum computing platforms created a demand for computer-aided design and fabrication of quantum devices. Path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) can have an important role in this effort because it intrinsically integrates strong quantum correlations that often appear in these multi-electron systems. In this paper we present a PIMC algorithm that estimates exchange interactions of three-dimensional electrically defined quantum dots. We apply this model to silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices and we benchmark our method against well-tested full configuration interaction (FCI) simulations. As an application, we study the impact of a single charge trap on two exchanging dots, opening the possibility of using this code to test the tolerance to disorder of CMOS devices. This algorithm provides an accurate description of this system, setting up an initial step to integrate PIMC algorithms into development of semiconductor quantum computers.Comment: 10 pages , 5 figure

Exploring the Limits of Dative Boratrane Bonding: Iron as a Strong Lewis Base in Low-Valent Non-Heme Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes

We previously reported the synthesis and preliminary characterization of a unique series of low-spin (ls) {FeNO}⁸⁻¹⁰ complexes supported by an ambiphilic trisphosphineborane ligand, [Fe(TPB)(NO)]^(+/0/−). Herein, we use advanced spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to extract detailed information as to how the bonding changes across the redox series. We find that, in spite of the highly reduced nature of these complexes, they feature an NO+ ligand throughout with strong Fe−NO π-backbonding and essentially closed-shell electronic structures of their FeNO units. This is enabled by an Fe−B interaction that is present throughout the series. In particular, the most reduced [Fe(TPB)(NO)]− complex, an example of a ls-{FeNO}¹⁰ species, features a true reverse dative Fe → B bond where the Fe center acts as a strong Lewis-base. Hence, this complex is in fact electronically similar to the ls-{FeNO}⁸ system, with two additional electrons “stored” on site in an Fe−B single bond. The outlier in this series is the ls-{FeNO}⁹ complex, due to spin polarization (quantified by pulse EPR spectroscopy), which weakens the Fe−NO bond. These data are further contextualized by comparison with a related N₂ complex, [Fe(TPB)(N₂)]⁻, which is a key intermediate in Fe(TPB)-catalyzed N₂ fixation. Our present study finds that the Fe → B interaction is key for storing the electrons needed to achieve a highly reduced state in these systems, and highlights the pitfalls associated with using geometric parameters to try to evaluate reverse dative interactions, a finding with broader implications to the study of transition metal complexes with boratrane and related ligands

Nuclear Inelastic X-Ray Scattering of FeO to 48 GPa

The partial density of vibrational states has been measured for Fe in compressed FeO (w\"ustite) using nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. Substantial changes have been observed in the overall shape of the density of states close to the magnetic transiton around 20 GPa from the paramagnetic (low pressure) to the antiferromagnetic (high pressure) state. Our data indicate a substantial softening of the aggregate sound velocities far below the transition, starting between 5 and 10 GPa. This is consistent with recent radial x-ray diffraction measurements of the elastic constants in FeO. The results indicate that strong magnetoelastic coupling in FeO is the driving force behind the changes in the phonon spectrum of FeO.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Impact of lattice dynamics on the phase stability of metamagnetic FeRh: Bulk and thin films

We present phonon dispersions, element-resolved vibrational density of states (VDOS) and corresponding thermodynamic properties obtained by a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) across the metamagnetic transition of B2 FeRh in the bulk material and thin epitaxial films. We see distinct differences in the VDOS of the antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) phase which provide a microscopic proof of strong spin-phonon coupling in FeRh. The FM VDOS exhibits a particular sensitivity to the slight tetragonal distortions present in epitaxial films, which is not encountered in the AF phase. This results in a notable change in lattice entropy, which is important for the comparison between thin film and bulk results. Our calculations confirm the recently reported lattice instability in the AF phase. The imaginary frequencies at the $X$-point depend critically on the Fe magnetic moment and atomic volume. Analyzing these non vibrational modes leads to the discovery of a stable monoclinic ground state structure which is robustly predicted from DFT but not verified in our thin film experiments. Specific heat, entropy and free energy calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation suggest that the new phase is possibly suppressed because of its relatively smaller lattice entropy. In the bulk phase, lattice degrees of freedom contribute with the same sign and in similar magnitude to the isostructural AF-FM phase transition as the electronic and magnetic subsystems and therefore needs to be included in thermodynamic modeling.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figure

Exploring the Limits of Dative Boratrane Bonding: Iron as a Strong Lewis Base in Low-Valent Non-Heme Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes

We previously reported the synthesis and preliminary characterization of a unique series of low-spin (ls) {FeNO}⁸⁻¹⁰ complexes supported by an ambiphilic trisphosphineborane ligand, [Fe(TPB)(NO)]^(+/0/−). Herein, we use advanced spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to extract detailed information as to how the bonding changes across the redox series. We find that, in spite of the highly reduced nature of these complexes, they feature an NO+ ligand throughout with strong Fe−NO π-backbonding and essentially closed-shell electronic structures of their FeNO units. This is enabled by an Fe−B interaction that is present throughout the series. In particular, the most reduced [Fe(TPB)(NO)]− complex, an example of a ls-{FeNO}¹⁰ species, features a true reverse dative Fe → B bond where the Fe center acts as a strong Lewis-base. Hence, this complex is in fact electronically similar to the ls-{FeNO}⁸ system, with two additional electrons “stored” on site in an Fe−B single bond. The outlier in this series is the ls-{FeNO}⁹ complex, due to spin polarization (quantified by pulse EPR spectroscopy), which weakens the Fe−NO bond. These data are further contextualized by comparison with a related N₂ complex, [Fe(TPB)(N₂)]⁻, which is a key intermediate in Fe(TPB)-catalyzed N₂ fixation. Our present study finds that the Fe → B interaction is key for storing the electrons needed to achieve a highly reduced state in these systems, and highlights the pitfalls associated with using geometric parameters to try to evaluate reverse dative interactions, a finding with broader implications to the study of transition metal complexes with boratrane and related ligands

Hidden carbon in Earth’s inner core revealed by shear softening in dense Fe₇C₃

Earth’s inner core is known to consist of crystalline iron alloyed with a small amount of nickel and lighter elements, but the shear wave (S wave) travels through the inner core at about half the speed expected for most iron-rich alloys under relevant pressures. The anomalously low S-wave velocity (v_S) has been attributed to the presence of liquid, hence questioning the solidity of the inner core. Here we report new experimental data up to core pressures on iron carbide Fe_7C_3, a candidate component of the inner core, showing that its sound velocities dropped significantly near the end of a pressure-induced spin-pairing transition, which took place gradually between 10 GPa and 53 GPa. Following the transition, the sound velocities increased with density at an exceptionally low rate. Extrapolating the data to the inner core pressure and accounting for the temperature effect, we found that low-spin Fe_7C_3 can reproduce the observed v_S of the inner core, thus eliminating the need to invoke partial melting or a postulated large temperature effect. The model of a carbon-rich inner core may be consistent with existing constraints on the Earth's carbon budget and would imply that as much as two thirds of the planet's carbon is hidden in its center sphere

Measuring velocity of sound with nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering is used to measure the projected partial phonon density of states of materials. A relationship is derived between the low-energy part of this frequency distribution function and the sound velocity of materials. Our derivation is valid for harmonic solids with Debye-like low-frequency dynamics. This method of sound velocity determination is applied to elemental, composite, and impurity samples which are representative of a wide variety of both crystalline and noncrystalline materials. Advantages and limitations of this method are elucidated

High quality single-crystal germanium-on-insulator on bulk Si substrates based on multistep lateral over-growth with hydrogen annealing

Germanium-on-insulator (GOI) is desired for high performance metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors and monolithically integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate a promising approach to achieve single-crystal defect-free GOI by using lateral over-growth through SiO2 window. The dislocations due to the lattice mismatch are effectively terminated and reduced in SiO2 trench by selective area heteroepitaxy combined with hydrogen annealing. Low defect density of 4× 106 cm-2 and low surface roughness of 0.7 nm (root-mean-square) on GOI are confirmed by plan-view transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. In addition, the excellent metal-semiconductor-metal diode electrical characteristics fabricated on this GOI confirm Ge crystal quality. The selectively grown GOI structure can provide the monolithic integration of SiGe based devices on a Si very large scale integration (VLSI) platform. © 2010 American Institute of Physics