How the Post-Framing Adoption of the Bare-Probable-Cause Standard Drastically Expanded Government Arrest and Search Power

Davies exposes a story that has been almost entirely overlooked: that the now-accepted doctrine that probable cause alone can justify a criminal arrest or search did not emerge until well after the framing of the Bill of Rights in 1789 and constituted a significant departure from the criminal-procedure standards that the Framers of the Bill thought they had preserved

Education for sustainable development within textile technology: a case study of two schools

Design and technology (D&T) requires teachers to continually update their knowledge and skills, with regard to new technologies, appropriate to the needs of the time (Design and Technology Association, 2011). In 2011, Ofsted identified the need for “England to keep pace with global technological change” (Ofsted 2011, p.5), in the report ‘Meeting technological challenges, a survey of schools from 2007-2010’. Following the report, the UK government funded a national programme called Digital Design and Technology (DD&T). The programme set up a network of regional support centres to provide up-to-date Professional Development (PD) courses on modern D&T subject knowledge

Coordinates of features on the Galilean satellites

The coordinate systems of each of the Galilean satellites are defined and coordinates of features seen in the Voyager pictures of these satellites are presented. The control nets of the satellites were computed by means of single block analytical triangulations. The normal equations were solved by the conjugate iterative method which is convenient and which converges rapidly as the initial estimates of the parameters are very good

Texture-based crowd detection and localisation

This paper presents a crowd detection system based on texture analysis. The state-of-the-art techniques based on co-occurrence matrix have been revisited and a novel set of features proposed. These features provide a richer description of the co-occurrence matrix, and can be exploited to obtain stronger classification results, especially when smaller portions of the image are considered. This is extremely useful for crowd localisation: acquired images are divided into smaller regions in order to perform a classification on each one. A thorough evaluation of the proposed system on a real world data set is also presented: this validates the improvements in reliability of the crowd detection and localisation

BiSON data preparation: A correction for differential extinction and the weighted averaging of contemporaneous data

The Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON) has provided high-quality high-cadence observations from as far back in time as 1978. These data must be calibrated from the raw observations into radial velocity and the quality of the calibration has a large impact on the signal-to-noise ratio of the final time series. The aim of this work is to maximise the potential science that can be performed with the BiSON data set by optimising the calibration procedure. To achieve better levels of signal-to-noise ratio we perform two key steps in the calibration process: we attempt a correction for terrestrial atmospheric differential extinction; and the resulting improvement in the calibration allows us to perform weighted averaging of contemporaneous data from different BiSON stations. The improvements listed produce significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the BiSON frequency-power spectrum across all frequency ranges. The reduction of noise in the power spectrum will allow future work to provide greater constraint on changes in the oscillation spectrum with solar activity. In addition, the analysis of the low-frequency region suggests we have achieved a noise level that may allow us to improve estimates of the upper limit of g-mode amplitudes.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 10 pages, 7 figure

An Account of Mapp v. Ohio That Misses the Larger Exclusionary Rule Story

Book review of "Mapp v. Ohio: Guarding Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures" by Carolyn N. Lon

Recovering the Original Fourth Amendment

Claims regarding the original or intended meaning of constitutional texts are commonplace in constitutional argument and analysis. All such claims are subject to an implicit validity criterion - only historically authentic assertions should matter. The rub is that the original meaning commonly attributed to a constitutional text may not be authentic. The historical Fourth Amendment is a case in point. If American judges, lawyers, or law teachers were asked what the Framers intended when they adopted the Fourth Amendment, they would likely answer that the Framers intended that all searches and seizures conducted by government officers must be reasonable given the circumstances. That answer may seem obvious - the Amendment begins with a clause that states that [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.... Indeed, this language has been identified as a prime example of how the original understanding can be gleaned directly from constitutional text - what could unreasonable mean if not inappropriate in the circumstances? Of course, the reference to unreasonable searches and seizures does not exhaust the intended meaning of the text - the standards for valid arrest or search warrants that are set out in the second clause also show that the Framers intended to ban the use of too-loose, or general, warrants. Thus the Framers intended to require that all searches and seizures be reasonable and also to forbid use of general warrants. There is a difficulty embedded in the apparently obvious meanings of the two clauses, however - the text does not indicate how they fit together. It does not say whether a valid warrant should be the usual criterion for a reasonable police intrusion, or whether Fourth Amendment reasonableness should be assessed independently of use of a warrant. Put more concretely, it does not indicate whether or in what circumstances arrests or searches must be made pursuant to a warrant. Thus, it does not say when an officer should be allowed to intrude on the basis of his own judgment, or when he should be required to obtain prior approval from a judge. Largely because of this silence in the text, the need for warrants has been the central issue in the modern debate regarding search and seizure authority