The role of the stock effect in the development of hindering of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula Taurica Arn.) infection

The powdery mildew is a frequent fungi infection appearing in the intensive paprika growing, which causes rather serious economic loss despite of the integrated plant defense. The leaf necrosis it brings about appears within 20 days as a result of the high humidity (80-90%), and 26-30 °C temperature, mostly in foil-covered growing facilities irrespectively of the forcing periods. Following this, the plants and the development of the fruits cease. In our experiment, we used a cherry shaped pepper as rootstock that was selected from a substance growing wild in Mexico only (Capsicum annuum var. cerasiforme L.). It showed a significant resistance against the infection of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica Arn.). Under the experimental conditions no powdery mildew infection appeared on the leaves of the scion paprika during the whole growing period. The stock’s root system had a low AM-type mycorrhiza contact

Productive Ecosystems and the arrow of development

Economic growth is associated with the diversification of economic activities, which can be observed via the evolution of product export baskets. Exporting a new product is dependent on having, and acquiring, a specific set of capabilities, making the diversification process path-dependent. Taking an agnostic view on the identity of the capabilities, here we derive a probabilistic model for the directed dynamical process of capability accumulation and product diversification of countries. Using international trade data, we identify the set of pre-existing products, the product Ecosystem, that enables a product to be exported competitively. We construct a directed network of products, the Eco Space, where the edge weight corresponds to capability overlap. We uncover a modular structure, and show that low- and middle-income countries move from product communities dominated by small Ecosystem products to advanced (large Ecosystem) product clusters over time. Finally, we show that our network model is predictive of product appearances

The role of the stock effect in the development of hindering of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula Taurica Arn.) infection

The powdery mildew is a frequent fungi infection appearing in the intensive paprika growing, which causes rather serious economic loss despite of the integrated plant defense. The leaf necrosis it brings about appears within 20 days as a result of the high humidity (80-90%), and 26-30 °C temperature, mostly in foil-covered growing facilities irrespectively of the forcing periods. Following this, the plants and the development of the fruits cease. In our experiment, we used a cherry shaped pepper as rootstock that was selected from a substance growing wild in Mexico only (Capsicum annuum var. cerasiforme L.). It showed a significant resistance against the infection of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica Arn.). Under the experimental conditions no powdery mildew infection appeared on the leaves of the scion paprika during the whole growing period. The stock’s root system had a low AM-type mycorrhiza contact

Constraining the multi-scale dark-matter distribution in CASSOWARY 31 with strong gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics

We study the inner structure of the group-scale lens CASSOWARY 31 (CSWA 31) by adopting both strong lensing and dynamical modeling. CSWA 31 is a peculiar lens system. The brightest group galaxy (BGG) is an ultra-massive elliptical galaxy at z = 0.683 with a weighted mean velocity dispersion of $\sigma = 432 \pm 31$ km s$^{-1}$. It is surrounded by group members and several lensed arcs probing up to ~150 kpc in projection. Our results significantly improve previous analyses of CSWA 31 thanks to the new HST imaging and MUSE integral-field spectroscopy. From the secure identification of five sets of multiple images and measurements of the spatially-resolved stellar kinematics of the BGG, we conduct a detailed analysis of the multi-scale mass distribution using various modeling approaches, both in the single and multiple lens-plane scenarios. Our best-fit mass models reproduce the positions of multiple images and provide robust reconstructions for two background galaxies at z = 1.4869 and z = 2.763. The relative contributions from the BGG and group-scale halo are remarkably consistent in our three reference models, demonstrating the self-consistency between strong lensing analyses based on image position and extended image modeling. We find that the ultra-massive BGG dominates the projected total mass profiles within 20 kpc, while the group-scale halo dominates at larger radii. The total projected mass enclosed within $R_{eff}$ = 27.2 kpc is $1.10_{-0.04}^{+0.02} \times 10^{13}$ M$_\odot$. We find that CSWA 31 is a peculiar fossil group, strongly dark-matter dominated towards the central region, and with a projected total mass profile similar to higher-mass cluster-scale halos. The total mass-density slope within the effective radius is shallower than isothermal, consistent with previous analyses of early-type galaxies in overdense environments.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. We welcome the comments from reader

Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Maturity and Challenges Post COVID-19

Digital transformation in higher education, especially after COVID-19 is inevitable. This research explores digital transformation maturity and challenges post COVID-19. The significance of the study does not only stem from the critical role of higher education in building the workforce and knowledge economy. This study triangulates the findings of multiple research instruments, including survey, interviews, case study, and direct observation. The research findings show a significant variance between the respondents’ perception of digital transformations maturity levels, and the core requirements of digital transformation maturity. The findings also show the lack of holistic vision, digital transformation competency, and data structure and processing as the leading challenges of digital transformation

3,3-Dimethyl-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one

In the title compound, C10H10O2, all the non-H atoms except the methyl C atoms lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains running parallel to [100]. Weak π–π stacking inter­actions between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.9817 (5) Å] link the chains in the [010] direction

Transpiration rate of chickpea wild accessions and cultivars in Turkey

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), like most cultivated crops, has exceedingly narrow genetic and phenotypic diversity. Thus breeding with only cultivated germplasm will have steeply diminishing returns, raising an urgent need for new sources of diversity. The focus of the research was to assess a representative set of newly collected wild accessions of C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, for drought adaptation traits, i.e. transpiration rate (TR) response to increasing VPD and to soil drying. These experiments were conducted during the spring season (18 March to 21 April 2016) at the Dicle University glasshouse. The experimental design was a complete randomised block design with six replications. Measurements were conducted in late April during vegetative growth and VPD changed from 2.13 to 4.35 kPa. To measure TR, potted plants were weighed at regular time intervals over the course of an entire day, and therefore, under increasing VPD. At the end of the experiment total leaf area was destructively measured, along with shoot, root and leaf dry weights. There was a 2.31-fold range of variation in the transpiration response among genotypes. The wild genotypes Sirnak and Deste had extreme TR values exceeding cultivated check cultivars, and several wild genotypes had only a moderate increase in TR under increasing VPD. These moderate TR responses provide germplasm sources with a potential to limit water losses under high evaporative demand, akin to a protection mechanism, especially under dry environments or in future climates. These screenings, therefore, open an exciting opportunity for breeding cultivars with enhanced performance under harsh climates

Solution of spin-boson systems in one and two-dimensional geometry via the asymptotic iteration method

We consider solutions of the $2\times 2$ matrix Hamiltonian of physical systems within the context of the asymptotic iteration method. Our technique is based on transformation of the associated Hamiltonian in the form of the first order coupled differential equations. We construct a general matrix Hamiltonian which includes a wide class of physical models. The systematic study presented here reproduces a number of earlier results in a natural way as well as leading to new findings. Possible generalizations of the method are also suggested.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Please check "http://www1.gantep.edu.tr/~ozer/" for other studies of Nuclear Physics Group at University of Gaziante

Permafrost conditions in the Mediterranean region since the Last Glaciation.

Cold-climate geomorphological processes today in the Mediterranean region are only distributed in the highest mountain environments. However, climate condition prevailing during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene have conditioned significant spatio-temporal variations of the glacial and periglacial domain in these mountains, including permafrost. In this communication we examine permafrost condition in the Mediterranean region taking into account five periods: Last Glaciation, deglaciation, Holocene, Little Ice Age (LIA) and present-day. The distribution of currently inactive permafrost-derived landforms and sedimentary records indicates that the permafrost elevation during the Last Glaciation was ca. 1000 m lower than present. Permafrost was also widespread in non-glaciated slopes above the snowline forming rock glaciers and block streams, as well as in relatively flat summit areas where meter-sized stone circles developed. As in most areas of the Northern Hemisphere, the deglaciation in the Mediterranean region started ca. 19-20 ka. The exposed terrain by retreating glaciers was affected by paraglacial dynamics and intense periglacial processes, mostly associated with permafrost condition. Many rock glaciers, protalus lobes and block streams formed in these recently deglaciated environments, becoming gradually inactive as temperatures rose during the Bølling-Allerød. Following the Younger Dryas glacial advance, the last massive deglaciation in Mediterranean mountains took place during the Early Holocene together with a progressive shift of the periglacial belt to higher elevations. It is unlikely that widespread permafrost have existed in Mediterranean mountains during the Holocene, except in the highest massifs exceeding 2500-3000 m. The colder climate prevailing during the LIA favoured a minor glacial advance and the spatial expansion of permafrost, with the development of new protalus lobes and rock glaciers in the highest massifs. Finally, the warming started during the second half of the 19th century has led to glacial retreat and/or complete melting, increased paraglacial activity, migration of periglacial processes to the highest lands and degradation of alpine permafrost along with geoecological changes

A global view of drug-therapy interactions

Network science is already making an impact on the study of complex systems and offers a promising variety of tools to understand their formation and evolution (1-4) in many disparate fields from large communication networks (5,6), transportation infrastructures (7) and social communities (8,9) to biological systems (1,10,11). Even though new highthroughput technologies have rapidly been generating large amounts of genomic data, drug design has not followed the same development, and it is still complicated and expensive to develop new single-target drugs. Nevertheless, recent approaches suggest that multi-target drug design combined with a network-dependent approach and large-scale systems-oriented strategies (12-14) create a promising framework to combat complex multigenetic disorders like cancer or diabetes. Here, we investigate the human network corresponding to the interactions between all US approved drugs and human therapies, defined by known drug-therapy relationships. Our results show that the key paths in this network are shorter than three steps, indicating that distant therapies are separated by a surprisingly low number of chemical compounds. We also identify a sub-network composed by drugs with high centrality measures (15), which represent the structural back-bone of the drug-therapy system and act as hubs routing information between distant parts of the network. These findings provide for the first time a global map of the largescale organization of all known drugs and associated therapies, bringing new insights on possible strategies for future drug development. Special attention should be given to drugs which combine the two properties of (a) having a high centrality value and (b) acting on multiple targets.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. It was submitted to peer review on August 15, 200