Of the importance of a leaf: the ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans

BACKGROUND: Sarma - cooked leaves rolled around a filling made from rice and/or minced meat, possibly vegetables and seasoning plants - represents one of the most widespread feasting dishes of the Middle Eastern and South-Eastern European cuisines. Although cabbage and grape vine sarma is well-known worldwide, the use of alternative plant leaves remains largely unexplored. The aim of this research was to document all of the botanical taxa whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the folk cuisines of Turkey and the Balkans. Methods: Field studies were conducted during broader ethnobotanical surveys, as well as during ad-hoc investigations between the years 2011 and 2014 that included diverse rural communities in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. Primary ethnobotanical and folkloric literatures in each country were also considered. Results: Eighty-seven botanical taxa, mainly wild, belonging to 50 genera and 27 families, were found to represent the bio-cultural heritage of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. The greatest plant biodiversity in sarma was found in Turkey and, to less extent, in Bulgaria and Romania. The most commonly used leaves for preparing sarma were those of cabbage (both fresh and lacto-fermented), grape vine, beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, lime tree, bean, and spinach. In a few cases, the leaves of endemic species (Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and R. olympicus in Turkey) were recorded. Other uncommon sarma preparations were based on lightly toxic taxa, such as potato leaves in NE Albania, leaves of Arum, Convolvulus, and Smilax species in Turkey, of Phytolacca americana in Macedonia, and of Tussilago farfara in diverse countries. Moreover, the use of leaves of the introduced species Reynoutria japonica in Romania, Colocasia esculenta in Turkey, and Phytolacca americana in Macedonia shows the dynamic nature of folk cuisines. Conclusion: The rich ethnobotanical diversity of sarma confirms the urgent need to record folk culinary plant knowledge. The results presented here can be implemented into initiatives aimed at re-evaluating folk cuisines and niche food markets based on local neglected ingredients, and possibly also to foster trajectories of the avant-garde cuisines inspired by ethnobotanical knowledge

EPMA-World Congress 2015: Bonn, Germany. 3-5 September 2015

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Ivanova, Michail V. Eremin, Maria V. Rostovtseva A23 Сentral aortic pressure and indexes of augmentation in young persons in view of risk factors Maria E. Evsevyeva, Michail V. Eremin, Vladimir I. Koshel, Oksana V. Sergeeva, Nadesgda M. Konovalova A24 Breast cancer prediction and prevention: Are reliable biomarkers in horizon? Shantanu Girotra, Olga Golubnitschaja A25 Flammer Syndrome and potential formation of pre-metastatic niches: A multi-centred study on phenotyping, patient stratification, prediction and potential prevention of aggressive breast cancer and metastatic disease Olga Golubnitschaja, Manuel Debald, Walther Kuhn, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Vadym M. 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Pharmacien du début du XIXe siècle. Gravure anonyme extraite de La Science en miniature..., par T.-P. Bertin, 1833

Pharmacien du début du XIXe siècle. Gravure anonyme extraite de La Science en miniature..., par T.-P. Bertin, 1833. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 85ᵉ année, n°313, 1997. p. 112

Evaluation of the cytogenetic damage induced by the organophosphorous insecticide acephate

The organophosphorous insecticide acephate was tested for its ability to induce in vitro cytogenetic effect in human peripheral lymphocytes by using the chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) assay. The level of nuclear DNA damage of acephate was evaluated by using the comet assay. Concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg mL−1 of acephate were used. All concentrations of acephate induced significant increase in the frequency of CAs and in the formation of MN dose dependently (r = 0.92 at 24 h, r = 0.95 at 48 h for CAs, r = 0.87 for MN). A significant increase was observed in induction of SCE at 50, 100 and 200 μg mL−1 concentrations during 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 μg mL−1) during 48 h treatment period in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.84 at 24 h, r = 0.88 at 48 h). Acephate did not affect the replicative index and cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI). However, it significantly decreased the mitotic index at all three highest concentrations (50, 100, 200 μg mL−1) for 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 μg mL−1) for 48 h treatment, dose-dependently (r = 0.94 at 24 h, r = 0.92 at 48 h). A significant increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 100 and 200 μg mL−1 concentrations compared with negative control in a concentration-dependent manner (r = 0.94). The mean comet tail intensity was significantly increased at only 200 μg mL−1 concentration. The present results indicate that acephate is a clastogenic, cytotoxic agent and it causes DNA damage at high concentrations in human lymphocytes in culture