Codeswitching auf einem hochdiversen urbanen Wochenmarkt: Kommerz, Kommunikation und Identität

Today's European cities exhibit a great cultural and linguistic diversity. Highly diverse urban areas bring together people from different sociolinguistic backgrounds and thus facilitate intense language contact, with speakers accessing diverse linguistic resources that they creatively use and mix (cf. e. g. Wiese 2020; Otsuji/Pennycook 2010; Pennycook/Otsuji 2015). Such linguistic practices include code-switching. In previous research on code-switching the focus was on relatively homogeneous settings, mostly bilingual communities (cf. Poplack 2015; Torres Cacoullos/Travis 2015; Bullock/ Toribio 2009). As a part of a larger project, we collected spontaneous speech data through audio and video recordings from a highly diverse street market in Berlin-Neukölln that is popular among locals and tourists, the “Maybachufer-Markt”. The analysis of our data reveals new insights with respect to sociolinguistic motivations underlying code-switching. In light of commercial intentions, vendors try to switch to a language according to how they construct the customers’ identity (cf. Bucholtz/Hall 2005; Pfaff-Czarnecka 2011). Besides vendors also commodify specific languages or multilingualism (Heller 2010) based on their and others’ language attitudes or they switch to a language for the purpose of maintaining the communication in sales conversations. Correlating these different factors, we will argue that code-switching is used with a commercial motivation in interactions between vendors and customers

Characterization and properties of a new insensitive explosive co-crystal composed of trinitrotoluene and pyrene

A new energetic co-crystal of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pyrene (PYRN) with a 1:1 molar ratio was prepared by a slow solvent evaporation technique. Co-crystal physicochemical properties have also been examined using optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and non-covalent interaction calculations showed that non-covalent interactions (donor–acceptor π-π interaction) govern the structures of the TNT:PYRN co-crystal. The experimental and theoretical outcomes supported each other in the study. Thermal stability, impact sensitivity, and detonation performance of the co-crystal were investigated. DSC measurement indicates that the co-crystal has a melting point of 167 °C and a decomposition temperature of 293 °C, indicating outstanding thermal stability. The co-crystal was found to be less impact-sensitive than TNT using the BAM fall hammer instrument. Furthermore, the calculated detonation velocity and detonation pressure of the co-crystal are 5.29 km·s−1 and 8.48 G Pa, respectively. As an outcome, the TNT:PYRN co-crystal may be a promising intermediate energy explosive with low sensitivity and, as such, may be a desirable explosive alternative in the future instead of TNT for low-vulnerability formulations

Potential effects of metformin in DNA BER system based on oxidative status in type 2 diabetes

Metformin is used to reduce hyperglycemia that induces energetic stress and leads to reduction in gluconeogenesis. Also, metformin inhibits complex I in oxidative phosphorylation, thereby decreasing cellular ATP levels. Activation of AMPK by the reduced ATP levels can induce inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activate p53-mediated DNA repair. DNA polymerase-b and XRCC1 function to repair DNA damages in the BER (base excision repair) system. In type 2 diabetes patients, metformin can enhance AMPK activation therefore suppress oxidative stress. The changes on oxidative stress may alter p53's function and effect many cellular pathways such as; DNA repair. In our project we aim to understand the effects of metformin on p53 and DNA-BER system based on the oxidative status in type 2 diabetes patients. Oxidative and antioxidative capacity, catalase, SOD, GPx activities and, DNA pol beta, XRCC1 and p53 levels were measured in metformin using or non-using type 2 diabetes patients and controls. Metformin enhanced SOD and GPx activities in type 2 diabetes patients but the reflection of this increase to the total antioxidant capacity was not significant. Although the increase in DNA pol beta was not significant, XRCC1 and p53 levels were significantly upregulated with metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes patients. Our study reinforces the potential benefit of metformin in antioxidative capacity to protect cells from diabetic oxidative stress and in regulation of DNA BER system

Chemical composition and in vitro mutagenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil from Turkey

The essential oil obtained from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lavander) has many pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and carminative effects. Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) contains monoterpene compounds, mainly linalool and linalyl acetate and various phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid. The hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of L. angustifolia produced a pale yellow oil. Gas chromatography-Gas chromatography/Massspectrometry (GC-GC/MS) results showed that LEO contains monoterpene alcohols that primarily include linalool (35.91%), 4-Terpineol (6.10%), α-Terpineol (4.49%) and lavandulol (2.49%). As a result of the cytotoxicity analysis of LEO, the IC50 value was found to be 0.372 mg/mL. LEO was found to be non-mutagenic against the bacterial test strain Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 with S9 fraction while the highest concentration (9.58 mg/mL) was found to be either mutagenic or cytotoxic against TA 98 without S9 fraction. The essential oil’s antioxidant capacity was found 6.522±0.069 mg/mL while the total phenolic content was 1.22±0.04 mg GAE/g extract (Gallic acid equivalent/g extract). Anti-inflammatory activity of LEO was 1.238± 0.026 mg/mL while that of indomethacine was 0.022±0.003 mg/mL. In conclusion, when the results are evaluated in terms of in vitro biological activities, LEO can be considered as a potential herbal product with active compounds that should be examined in future studies.Istanbul Medipol Universit

Current barriers and recommendations on the diagnosis of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: a Delphi study

ObjectivesThis study has been conducted to investigate the non-invasive diagnostic journey of patients with a transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (aTTR-CM) in Turkey, identify the challenges and uncertainties encountered on the path to diagnosis from the perspectives of expert physicians, and develop recommendations that can be applied in such cases.MethodsThis study employed a three-round modified Delphi method and included 10 cardiologists and five nuclear medicine specialists. Two hematologists also shared their expert opinions on the survey results related to hematological tests during a final face-to-face discussion. A consensus was reached when 80% or more of the panel members marked the “agree/strongly agree” or “disagree/strongly disagree” option.ResultsThe panelists unanimously agreed that the aTTR-CM diagnosis could be established through scintigraphy (using either 99mTc-PYP, 99mTc-DPD, or 99mTc-HMPD) in a patient with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) without a further investigation if AL amyloidosis is ruled out (by sFLC, SPIE and UPIE). In addition, scintigraphy imaging performed by SPECT or SPECT-CT should reveal a myocardial uptake of Grade ≥2 with a heart-to-contralateral (H/CL) ratio of ≥1.5. The cardiology panelists recommended using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and a detailed echocardiographic scoring as a last resort before considering an endomyocardial biopsy in patients with suspected CA whose scintigraphy results were discordant/inconclusive or negative but still carried a high clinical suspicion of aTTR-CM.ConclusionThe diagnostic approach for aTTR-CM should be customized based on the availability of diagnostic tools/methods in each expert clinic to achieve a timely and definitive diagnosis

Encapsulation of olive leaf antioxidants in microbeads: Application of alginate and chitosan as wall materials

Edible microcapsule technology has been declared as a newly developed technology in 21st century by some certain authorities in order to preserve food products. Encapsulation of the bioactive materials in edible coatings is a blessing that can eliminate many undesirable situations that might arise when it is used as additive. In this study, olive leaf extract has been evaluated as active material to prepare microcapsules by using alginate as coating. Ionic gelation was used to produce microbeads. The experimental design of the encapsulation system, the effects of the process parameters, the modeling of the experimental data and the optimization of the conditions were carried out with Box-Behnken design of response surface method (Box-Behnken-RSM). BoxBehnken-RSM produced 17 experimental runs. Calcium chloride (2-15%, w/v) and sodium alginate concentrations (1-2%, w/v), and hardening time (15-45 min) were selected as independent variables, while encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the capsules in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and oleuropein concentration were responses. Impact of chitosan as coating layer was also investigated with three different ratios of chitosan (0.4%, 0.7%, 1% w/v). Accelerated oxidation test was employed to measure the stability of the microcapsules against oxidation by means of Rancimat method. Encapsulation of the olive leaf extract in alginate microbeads was satisfying with > 70% and > 90% efficiencies with respect to TPC and oleuropein under optimum conditions (2.34% calcium chloride concentration and 2% sodium alginate for 26 min of hardening time)

Box-Behnken method for enhanced performance of solvent-based epoxy coatings reinforcement with diatomite/surfactant/zinc borate

This study is aimed to improve the properties of the organic coatings by adding additives of various properties to industrial organic coatings with epoxy resin and to obtain organic coatings with superior properties. Boron end-product, methacrylate-based fluorinated liquid and diatomite additives have been added to the epoxy resin-containing organic coatings in the specified proportions (0-6% (w/w)). The Box-Behnken optimization method has been applied on the metal surface. The surfaces where the organic coatings are applied are subjected to various tests (adhesion, corrosion etc.) in accordance with the standards. According to the test results, coatings are resistant to impact, corrosion, high adhesion resistance, gloss and covering values. In addition, as a result of Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), flame retardancy is improved, more homogeneous structures are obtained by adding additives with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, hydrophobic property is improved according to the contact angle and surface free energy measurement results. Consequently, it has been observed that additives added to the organic coatings in various proportions improve the organic coating in terms of flame retardancy, surface properties and hydrophobicity. It is envisaged that the organic coatings with new properties can be preferred in different industries

Highly clean recovery of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Lactic acid-based automatic solvent extraction

Introduction Food industry generates large amounts of waste by-products rich in natural antioxidants. On the other hand, application of advanced processes for the recovery of these fine chemicals is another popular topic of recent years. Objective The purpose of this study is to propose a green extraction method by application of deep eutectic solvent-based automated solvent extraction (AMSE) from lemon peels. Methods The primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p-coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols of the lemon peel extract were quantified and used as response for the optimisation of the AMSE conditions. The Box-Behnken design type of the response surface method (RSM) was chosen for optimisation study. Scavenging activity of the lemon peel extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical was also measured in vitro. Results The optimum conditions for the highest total phenolic (7.47 mg-gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g-lemon peel [LP]), naringin (5.05 mg/g-LP), p-coumaric acid (3.27 mg/g-LP), and hesperidin (0.07 mg/g-LP) yields were obtained by 1.5 h of extraction time, 46% water (v/v), and 5 g of peel. The antioxidant activity changed between 37.31% and 94.10% in the peels. Conclusions Extraction time was the most effective process factor for the total phenolic and p-coumaric acid yields, while water addition was statistically very important (p 0.99), statistically significant p-values ( 0.05)

Encapsulation of plum biowaste extract: design of alginate beads by response surface approach

The aim of this study is to recommend a preserving method of a natural plant extract for further food applications. Plum peel extract was used as active material source, and extracted by automatic solvent extraction. Ionic gelation was used to encapsulate the plum peel extract in alginate beads. The process was subjected to Box-Behnken design of response surface method (Box-Behnken-RSM). The conditions of CaCl2 concentration, sodium alginate concentration and hardening time for the ionic gelation system was optimized to obtain the best responses (encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant activity). 15% CaCl2, 1.44% alginate and 18 min were the best conditions for the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the capsules. In vitro DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay was applied in order to measure the antioxidant activity of the beads. Furthermore, stereo-microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used to analyze the morphology of the alginate beads. When the morphology of the obtained capsules was examined, it was observed that they were perfect sphere. However, it was determined that the samples were slightly far from perfect sphericity in the shape analysis