29 research outputs found
Microscale Investigation of Arsenic Distribution and Species in Cement Product from Cement Kiln Coprocessing Wastes
To improve the understanding of the immobilization mechanism and the leaching risk of Arsenic (As) in the cement product from coprocessing wastes using cement kiln, distribution and species of As in cement product were determined by microscale investigation methods, including electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In this study, sodium arsenate crystals (Na3AsO412H2O) were mixed with cement production raw materials and calcined to produce cement clinker. Then, clinker was mixed water to prepare cement paste. EPMA results showed that As was generally distributed throughout the cement paste. As content in calcium silicate hydrates gel (C-S-H) was in low level, but higher than that in other cement mineral phases. This means that most of As is expected to form some compounds that disperse on the surfaces of cement mineral phases. Linear combination fitting (LCF) of the X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra revealed that As in the cement paste was predominantly As(V) and mainly existed as Mg3(AsO4)2, Ca3(AsO4)2, and Na2HAsO4
BERBERINE INDUCES AUTOPHAGY, APOPTOSIS AND MODULATES MIR-155 IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA CELLS.
Berberine (BBR) an active natural plant alkaloid extracted from Coptidis rhizoma, displays potent anticancer activity over a variety of cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of BBR in cancer cells is attributed to persuade, programmed cell death characterized by the release of cytochrome c, accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. In the present study, we evaluated BBR significantly reduces the cell viability and clonogenic property of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) cells. Our results revealed that BBR simultaneously induces apoptosis and autophagy in HNSC cells. Mechanistically, BBR induces autophagy in HNSC cells which were confirmed by acridine orange (AO) staining by visualization of prominent orange red color acidic autophagosomes in the cytoplasm. However, immunoblotting shows the steady conversion of MAP-LC-3I to LC-3II with concomitant degradation of autophagy substrate protein SQSTM1/p62. Annexin V FITC staining analysis by flow cytometry revealed a significant induction of apoptosis at higher doses of BBR. Furthermore, the immunoblotting analysis revealed a prominent cleavage of proapoptotic proteins procaspase-3 and PARP1 at higher doses of BBR. Additionally, we found significant upregulation and downregulation of tumor suppressor microRNA-155 (miR-155) and oncogenic miR-21 respectively, when HNSC cells were exposed to higher doses of BBR. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BBR exhibits a significant anti-proliferative effect with the simultaneous induction of autophagy and apoptosis and modulates miRNA expression in HNSC cells
Novel Finding of Widespread Occurrence and Accumulation of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)-
and bisphenol F diglycidyl
ether (BFDGE)-based epoxy resins have a broad range of applications,
including serving as inner coatings of food and beverage cans and
as protective coatings in marine construction. Prior to this study,
no studies had examined the occurrence and bioaccumulation of BADGEs
or BFDGEs in aquatic organisms. In this study, BADGE, BFDGE, and nine
of their derivatives were determined in 121 tissue (liver, kidney,
blubber, and brain) samples from eight species of marine mammals collected
from the U.S. coastal waters of Florida, California, Washington, and
Alaska. BADGE·2HCl was the predominant compound found in the
majority (78.5%) of the marine mammal tissues analyzed, at concentrations
of up to 2950 ng/g (wet weight (wt)) found in the liver of a sea otter
from Kachemak Bay, Alaska. The measured concentrations of BADGE·2HCl
in marine mammals were on the order of hundreds of nanograms per gram
tissue, which are some of the highest concentrations ever reported
for this compound in biota. Males contained greater concentrations
of BADGE·2HCl than did females. BADGE·2HCl also was found
in the brain tissues of sea otters. Trace levels of BADGE·2HCl
were found in the livers of polar bears from Alaska, which suggested
that BADGEs are widely distributed in the oceanic environment
Bisphenols, Benzophenones, and Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers in Textiles and Infant Clothing
Little is known with regard to the
occurrence of potentially toxic
chemicals in textiles and clothes. In this study, 77 textiles and
infant clothing pieces were analyzed for the determination of bisphenols
including bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS), benzophenones,
bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers
(NOGEs). BPA and BPS occurred in 82% and 53% of the textile samples,
respectively, and at mean concentrations of 366 and 15 ng/g, respectively.
Benzophenone-3 (BP3) occurred in 70% of the samples at a mean concentration
of 11.3 ng/g. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs analyzed, BFDGE was the predominant
compound, with a mean concentration of 13.6 ng/g. Concentrations of
target chemicals were assessed by fabric type, color, and uses. Socks
contained the highest concentrations of BPA (mean: 1810 ng/g) with
concentrations as high as 13 300 ng/g in a 97% polyester fabric
marketed for infants. Calculated dermal exposure dose to BPA by infants
via textiles was as high as 7280 pg/kg BW/d. This is the first study
to report the occurrence of, and exposure to, BPA, BPS, BADGEs, and
NOGEs in textiles and clothing
Widespread Occurrence and Accumulation of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), Bisphenol F Diglycidyl Ether (BFDGE) and Their Derivatives in Human Blood and Adipose Fat
Despite
the widespread use of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)
and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in various consumer products,
studies on human exposure to these compounds are scarce. In this study,
BADGE, BFDGE, and seven of their derivatives were determined in human
adipose fat and blood plasma samples collected from New York City,
NY. Bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether [BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O] was the major BADGE derivative found in 60% of the adipose
samples and 70% of the plasma samples analyzed. High concentrations
and detection frequencies of BFDGE were found in both adipose and
plasma samples. BFDGE concentrations in adipose fat ranged from 19.1
to 4500 ng/g wet weight. A significant correlation between BADGE or
BFDGE and their derivatives in adipose and plasma samples suggested
hydration of these reactive compounds in humans. A significant positive
correlation existed between BADGEs (i.e., the sum of BADGE and its
five derivatives) and BFDGEs in adipose samples, which suggested similar
exposure sources and pathways for these compounds in humans. Bisphenol
A (BPA) also was analyzed in adipose fat and plasma, and its concentrations
were positively correlated with those of BADGEs, which confirmed coexposure
of BADGEs and BPA in humans
Trophic Magnification of Parabens and Their Metabolites in a Subtropical Marine Food Web
Despite
the widespread use of parabens in a range of consumer products,
little is known about bioaccumulation of these chemicals in aquatic
environments. In this study, six parabens and four of their common
metabolites were measured in abiotic (water, sediment) and biotic
(fish including sharks, invertebrates, plants) samples collected from
a subtropical marine food web in coastal Florida. Methyl paraben (MeP)
was found in all abiotic (100%) and a majority of biotic (87%) samples.
4-Hydroxy benzoic acid (4-HB) was the most abundant metabolite, found
in 97% of biotic and all abiotic samples analyzed. The food chain
accumulation of MeP and 4-HB was investigated for this food web. The
trophic magnification factor (TMF) of MeP was estimated to be 1.83,
which suggests considerable bioaccumulation and biomagnification of
this compound in the marine food web. In contrast, a low TMF value
was found for 4-HB (0.30), indicating that this compound is metabolized
and excreted along the food web. This is the first study to document
the widespread occurrence of parabens and their metabolites in fish,
invertebrates, seagrasses, marine macroalgae, mangroves, seawater,
and ocean sediments and to elucidate biomagnification potential of
MeP in a marine food web
Single Quadrupole Multiple Reaction Monitoring Q-MRM enables Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
A single quadrupole combined with enhanced
in-source fragmentation/annotation (EISA) was used to perform multiple reaction
monitoring (Q-MRM) for quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. EISA amplifies
fragmentation of traditional soft electrospray ionization to produce fragment
ions that have been found to be identical to those generated in tandem mass
spectrometry. We have combined EISA fragmentation data with criteria
established by the European Union Commission Directive 2002/657/EC for electron
ionization single quadrupole quantitative analysis to perform quantitative Q-MRM
experiments. These experiments were performed on multiple types of complex
samples that included a mixture of 50 standards, as well as cell and plasma
extracts. The dynamic range for Q-MRM quantitative analysis was comparable to triple
quadrupole multiple reaction monitoring (QqQ-MRM) analyses at up to 5 orders of
magnitude with the cell and plasma extracts showing similar matrix effects
across both platforms. Amino acid and fatty acid measurements performed from
certified NIST 1950 plasma with isotopically labelled standards demonstrated Q-MRM
accuracy in the range of 91-110% for the amino acids, 76-129% for the fatty
acids, and good precision (coefficient of variation < 10%). In order to
enhance specificity, a newly developed Correlated Ion Monitoring (CIM)
algorithm was designed to facilitate these analyses. CIM autonomously processes,
aligns, filters, and compiles multiple ions within one chromatogram enabling
both precursor and in-source fragment ions to be correlated within a single chromatogram,
also enabling the detection of co-eluting species based on precursor and
fragment ion ratios. Q-MRM and CIM with single quadrupole instrumentation has
been designed as an alternative to QqQ-MRM technology by correlating precursor
and fragment ions to facilitate high sensitivity Q-MRM quantitative analysis on
existing instrumentation that are generally inexpensive, easy to operate, and
technically less complex.
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The occurrence of bisphenol plasticizers in paired dust and urine samples and its association with oxidative stress
Bisphenol A diglycidy ether (BADGE) and its derivatives are epoxy resins and widely used as emerging plasticizers in food packages and material coating. Though known as endocrine disruptors, little information is available on their occurrence, exposure routes and toxicity. Besides, the analysis of BADGE and its derivatives has always been a challenge due to their reactive chemical properties and the background contamination. Therefore, we firstly developed a novel water-free method to analyze BADGE and its derivatives in dust samples together with other two typical plasticizers bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS). In order to investigate the levels in paired dust and urine samples, 33 paired samples were collected from Singapore. In both dust and urine samples, the predominant compounds were BPA, BADGE-2H2O and BPS. A significantly positive correlation of BPA levels in paired dust and urine samples was observed in this small-scale study. To tentatively explore the human health effect from exposure to these bisphenol plasticizers, we assessed the correlation between the urinary concentrations of these compounds and oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress biomarker. The result showed that 8-OHdG levels in urine samples was positively correlated with urinary BPA level and body mass index (BMI), suggesting that elevated oxidative stress might be associated with BPA exposure and obesity. In the future, a larger scale study is warranted due to the limited sample size in this study.Building and Construction Authority (BCA)Ministry of Education (MOE)Nanyang Technological UniversityNational Environmental Agency (NEA)We appreciate the contributions of all volunteers in this study. This work was funded by Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (M4011732.030), Start-Up Grant of Nanyang Technological University (M4081915, M060030008), Singapore National Environment Agency (M4061617) and Singapore Building and Construction Authority (M4062065)
Placental transfer of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and its association with maternal health in a population in South of China
Despite high production and usage, little is known about exposure to bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and their derivatives in pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we determined nine BDGEs in 106 paired maternal and cord serum samples collected from e-waste dismantling sites in South of China. Bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·2H2O), bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O), and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were the major BDGEs, with median concentrations of 0.57, 4.07, and 1.60 ng/mL, respectively, in maternal serum, and of 3.58, 5.61, and 0.61 ng/mL, respectively, in cord serum. The transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) were estimated for BDGEs found in samples, and median values were in the range of 0.98 (BFDGE) to 5.91 (BADGE·2H2O). Our results suggested that passive diffusion plays a role in the placental transfer of BADGE·HCl·H2O and BFDGE, whereas several mechanisms contribute to the high accumulation of BADGE·2H2O in cord serum. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated significant associations between maternal serum concentrations of BDGEs and blood clinical biomarkers, especially those related to liver injuries, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of BDGEs in paired maternal–fetal serum samples and provide new insights into prenatal and fetal exposures. The newly discovered TTEs in maternal–fetal pairs contribute to a fuller inventory of the transmission activity of pollutants in the human body, ultimately adding to a more significant comprehensive risk evaluation
Elevated Accumulation of Parabens and their Metabolites in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters
The
widespread exposure of humans to parabens present in personal
care products is well-known. Nevertheless, little is known about the
accumulation of parabens in marine organisms. In this study, six parabens
and four common metabolites of parabens were measured in 121 tissue
samples from eight species of marine mammals collected along the coastal
waters of Florida, California, Washington, and Alaska. Methyl paraben
(MeP) was the predominant compound found in the majority of the marine
mammal tissues analyzed, and the highest concentration found was 865
ng/g (wet weight [wet wt]) in the livers of bottlenose dolphins from
Sarasota Bay, FL. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) was the predominant
paraben metabolite found in all tissue samples. The measured concentrations
of 4-HB were on the order of hundreds to thousands of ng/g tissue,
and these values are some of the highest ever reported in the literature.
MeP and 4-HB concentrations showed a significant positive correlation
(<i>p</i> < 0.05), which suggested a common source of
exposure to these compounds in marine mammals. Trace concentrations
of MeP and 4-HB were found in the livers of polar bears from the Chuckchi
Sea and Beaufort Sea, which suggested widespread distribution of MeP
and 4-HB in the oceanic environment