Proteomics study of changes in soybean lines resistant and sensitive to Phytophthora sojae

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Phytophthora sojae </it>causes soybean root and stem rot, resulting in an annual loss of 1-2 billion US dollars in soybean production worldwide. A proteomic technique was used to determine the effects on soybean hypocotyls of infection with <it>P. sojae</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study, 46 differentially expressed proteins were identified in soybean hypocotyls infected with <it>P. sojae</it>, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF). The expression levels of 26 proteins were significantly affected at various time points in the tolerant soybean line, Yudou25, (12 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated). In contrast, in the sensitive soybean line, NG6255, only 20 proteins were significantly affected (11 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated). Among these proteins, 26% were related to energy regulation, 15% to protein destination and storage, 11% to defense against disease, 11% to metabolism, 9% to protein synthesis, 4% to secondary metabolism, and 24% were of unknown function.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our study provides important information on the use of proteomic methods for studying protein regulation during plant-oomycete interactions.</p

Effects of Different Freezing Methods on the Quality of Sea Bass

In this study, the effects of different freezing methods namely air freezing, cryogenic freezing, freezing after dipping in a refrigerating medium consisting of 20% ethanol (V/V), 20% propylene glycol (V/V), 5 g/100 mL trehalose aqueous solution and freezing after dipping in anhydrous ethanol on the quality of sea bass were investigated. The results showed that the freezing rates of refrigerating medium freezing and anhydrous ethanol freezing were 8.20 and 6.25 cm/h, which were 32.80 and 25.00 times as high as that of air freezing, respectively. The microstructure of frozen sea bass showed that the small ice crystals formed between muscle tissues were small, and the muscle fibers were closely arranged. Refrigerating medium freezing was more conducive to maintaining the water-holding capacity (WHC) of muscle tissues and slowing down the migration of immobilized water, and had a significant effect on maintaining the freshness, texture properties and protein thermostability of fish fillets. In summary, refrigerating medium freezing can effectively slow down the quality deterioration of frozen sea bass. The results of this study will provide a theoretical and practical basis for improving the storage quality of frozen aquatic products

Identification of a novel enterovirus E isolates HY12 from cattle with severe respiratory and enteric diseases.

In this study, a virus strain designated as HY12 was isolated from cattle with a disease of high morbidity and mortality in Jilin province. Biological and physiochemical properties showed that HY12 isolates is cytopathic with an extremely high infectivity. HY12 is resistant to treatment of organic solvent and acid, and unstable at 60°C for 1 h. Electron microscopy observation revealed the virus is an approximately 22-28 nm in diameter. The complete genome sequence of HY12 consists of 7416 nucleotides, with a typical picornavirus genome organization including a 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a large single ORF encoding a polyprotein of 2176 amino acids, and a 3'-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis clustered HY12 isolates to a new serotype/genotype within the clade of enterovirus E (formerly BEV-A). Alignment analysis revealed a unique insertion of 2 amino acid residues (NF) at the C-terminal of VP1 protein between aa 825 and 826, and several rare mutations in VP1 and VP4 of HY12 isolates in relation to known bovine enterovirus (BEV) strains. This is the first report of an enterovirus E in China, which is potentially associated with an outbreak in cattle with severe respiratory and enteric diseases

A neonatal murine model for evaluation of enterovirus E HY12 virus infection and pathogenicity.

HY12 viruses are enteroviruses recently isolated from cattle characterized by severe respiratory and digestive disease with high morbidity and mortality in China. While the viruses exhibit unique biological and molecular characters distinct from known enterovirus E, the pathogenicity and viral pathogenesis remains largely unknown.Neonatal mice of Balb/C, ICR, and Kunming strain are infected with HY12 to determine the susceptible mouse strain. The minimal infection dose, the virus infection routes, the pathogenicity and tissue tropism for HY12 were determined by infecting susceptible mice with HY12 viruses, and confirmed by different approaches including virus isolation and recovery, virus detection, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry.A murine model for HY12 infection was successfully established and employed to investigate the pathogenicity of HY12 viruses. ICR mouse strain is the most susceptible strain for HY12 infection with a minimal infective dose as 2×106TCID50/mouse. HY12 viruses have the capability of infecting ICR suckling mice via all infection routes including intranasal administration, oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intramuscular injection, which are confirmed by the isolation and recovery of viruses from HY12-infected mice; detection of viruses by RT-PCR; observations of pathological lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestine, lung, liver, and brain; uncovering of HY12 virus antigens in majority of tissues, especially in intestine, lung, and infected brain of mice by immunohistochemistry assay.A neonatal murine model for HY12 infection is successfully established for determining the susceptible mouse strain, the minimal infective dose, the infection route, the viral pathogenicity and the tropism of HY12, thus providing an invaluable model system for elucidating the pathogenesis of HY12 viruses and the elicited immunity

Theoretical evaluation of the

Interface optimization has been widely used to improve the optoelectronic properties of nanocomposites, but the theoretical estimation of their effect on the interfacial carrier transfer dynamics is insufficient. Therefore, it is very significant to explore the introduced interface electronic structural state and corresponding interfacial electron transfer behavior. In this paper, the possible electron transition path in

Unveiling of Evolution Pattern for HY12 Enterovirus Quasispecies and Pathogenicity Alteration

Enterovirus, like the majority of RNA viruses, evolves to survive the changeable environments by a variety of strategies. Here, we showed that HY12 virus evolved to alter its characteristics and pathogenicity by employing a non-synonymous mutation. Analyses of 5′UTR, VP1 and VP2 gene sequences revealed the existence of HY12 virus in an array of mutants defined as quasispecies. The determination of diversity and complexity showed that the mutation rate and complexity of HY12 virus quasispecies increased, while the proportion of HY12 VP1 and VP2 consensus (master) sequences decreased with increasing passages. Synonymous mutation and non-synonymous mutation analysis displayed a positive selection for HY12 quasispecies evolution. A comparison of HY12 virus in different passages demonstrated that HY12 virus altered its characteristic, phenotype, and pathogenicity via non-synonymous mutation. These findings revealed the evolution pattern for HY12 virus, and the alteration of HY12 virus characteristics and pathogenicity by mutation

Partial physiochemical properties for HY12 strain.

<p>Partial physiochemical properties for HY12 strain.</p

Primers used for amplifying the complete genome sequence for HY12.

<p>S stands for sense; AS refers to antisense.</p