Efficient Visualization Method and Implementation of Reservoir Model Based on WPF

In view of the slow speed and poor effect of real-time rendering of large-scale reservoir geological grid model, a new grid model hidden algorithm is proposed by analyzing the Eclipse reservoir grid model storage format, grid model representation, and cell sorting rule, which optimizes the original grid data and improves the rendering speed of reservoir grid model. The algorithm in this paper eliminates hidden points and faces according to the topological relationship of the grid, and finally, only the visible point and face data are extracted as the final visual input data. Through the realization of 3D visualization software of reservoir geological model and well trajectory, the correctness and efficiency of the hidden algorithm are verified. In the software, firstly, the number of display grids is effectively reduced by preprocessing, and the 3D graphics technology of WPF and helix is adopted to realize the high-efficiency display of reservoir grids. The comparison test of different scale reservoir models shows that the method can reduce the point and surface data by more than 85% and shows that the speed optimization effect is significant. The 3D display function realizes the interactive functions such as roaming, zooming, and viewpoint switching of the reservoir model, truly reveals again the geological environment and borehole information of underground drilling, which is helpful for drilling interpretation and decision-making, provides a reasonable drilling tracking geological target drilling scheme for the drilling process, and realizes the seamless connection of geological engineering integration

Detection Method of Straw Mulching Unevenness with RGB-D Sensors

Returning straw to the field is very important of for the conservation tillage to increase land fertility. It is vital to detect the unevenness of the straw covering to evaluate the performance of no-tillage planter, especially for the ones with returning full amount of straw. In this study, two kinds of RGB-D(Red, Green, Blue-Depth) sensors (RealSense D435i and Kinect v2) were applied to estimate the straw mulching unevenness by detecting the depth of straw coverage. Firstly, the overall structure and working principle of no-tillage planter with returning the full amount of straw was introduced. Secondly, field images were captured with the two kinds of RGB-D sensors after no tillage planter operation. Thirdly, straw covering unevenness computing was carried on a system developed by Matlab. Finally, the correlation analysis was conducted to test for the relationship between the straw covering unevenness by manual and deep sensors, with R (correlation coefficient) of 0.93, RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) of 4.59% and MAPE(Mean of Absolute Percentage Error) of 3.86% with D435i sensor, and with R of 0.915, RMSE of 6.53% and MAPE of 13.85% with Kinect V2, which showed both kinds of RGB-D sensors can acquire the unevenness of straw covering efficiently. The finding can provide a potential way to detect the unevenness of straw coverage and data support for operation evaluation and improvement of no-tillage planter

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 Promotes αvβ3 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion and Migration of Human Melanoma Cells by Cleaving Fibronectin

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a key regulator in the migration of tumor cells. αvβ3 integrin has been reported to play a critical role in cell adhesion and regulate the migration of tumor cells by promoting MMP-2 activation. However, little is known about the effects of MMP-2 on αvβ3 integrin activity and αvβ3 integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of tumor cells.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>Human melanoma cells were seeded using an agarose drop model and/or subjected to in vitro analysis using immunofluorescence, adhesion, migration and invasion assays to investigate the relationship between active MMP-2 and αvβ3 integrin during the adhesion and migration of the tumor cells. We found that MMP-2 was localized at the leading edge of spreading cells before αvβ3 integrin. αvβ3 integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of the tumor cells were inhibited by a MMP-2 inhibitor. MMP-2 cleaved fibronectin into small fragments, which promoted the adhesion and migration of the tumor cells.</p> <h3>Conclusion/Significance</h3><p>MMP-2 cleaves fibronectin into small fragments to enhance the adhesion and migration of human melanoma cells mediated by αvβ3 integrin. These results indicate that MMP-2 may guide the direction of the tumor cell migration.</p> </div

MMP-2 activity affects the spreading of human A375 melanoma cells.

<p>(A) The morphology of A375 cell spreading at different time points were designated as round, partially spread and completely spread. (B) Cells were seeded onto coverslips coated with fibronectin, treated with MMP-2I at the concentrations of 0.5 nM at different time points after seeding, and assessed under the microscope. The cells without MMP-2I were defined as control. The differences of cell morphology at 3 h, 6 h and 9 h after seeding were observed and counted (n≥400).</p

Expression of MMP-2 and αvβ3 in human A375 melanoma cells.

<p>(A) Cells were suspended in PBS and labeled with anti-αvβ3 (red) and anti-MMP-2 (green) antibodies. Scale bar = 10 µm. (B) Flow cytometric analysis of αvβ3 integrin and MMP-2 expression on the cell surface. The expression of αvβ3 integrin and MMP-2 was evaluated using anti-αvβ3 and anti-MMP-2 antibodies, and isotype IgG was used as a negative control. (C) A375 cells were seeded onto coverslips coated with human fibronectin for 30 min (upper panel) and 3 h (lower panel), then labeled with anti-αvβ3 (red) and anti-MMP-2 (green) antibodies. Scale bar = 10 µm. (D) A375 cells in agarose drops were seeded onto coverslips coated with human fibronectin. The cells were labeled with anti-αvβ3 (green) and anti-MMP-2 (red) antibodies 24 h after seeding and observed under a confocal microscope. Scale bar = 10 µm. (E) A375 cells were fluorescently stained and seeded on 96 well flat-bottom plates coated with APMA-activated recombinant human MMP-2 or 0.5% BSA. The control cells were treated using RGD peptides.</p

The effect of GM6001 on the adhesion of human melanoma cells.

<p>(A) Human melanoma cells, A375, M21 and M21-L, were treated with different concentrations of GM6001, then fluorescently stained and seeded on 48-well plates coated with 10 µg/ml human fibronectin (FN). GM6001 (a broad spectrum hydroxamate MMPs inhibitor) was applied at different concentrations in order to address the role of MMP individuals on the tumor cell adhesion as described in MATERIALS AND METHODS. (B) A375 cells were seeded on human fibronectin (FN) or 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated 48-well plates for 30 min. The cells were treated with or without RGD peptides or 0.5 nM GM6001; (C) M21 and M21-L cells were seeded on human fibronectin (FN) or 0.5% BSA-coated 48-well plates for 30 min. The cells were treated with or without RGD peptides or 0.5 nM GM6001. The fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Statistical difference were determined by comparing the treated group with the normal control by t-test (***, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

MMP-2 enhances the adhesion of melanoma cells mediated by αvβ3 integrin by cleaving fibronectin.

<p>(A) Full-length fibronectin (FN) was incubated with activated MMP-2, and the cleaved fragments (FN + MMP-2+ APMA) were resolved on a 10% Tris-HCl gel and subjected to silver staining. (B) Adhesion assays were performed using human A375 cells incubated in full-length fibronectin (FN)- or MMP-2–cleaved fibronectin (FN+MMP-2+APMA)-coated plates as described in MATERIALS AND METHODS (Cell Adhesion Experiment) at different time points (from 5 to 60 min). (C) Full-length fibronectin (FN) and MMP-2–cleaved fibronectin (FN+MMP-2+APMA) were electrophoresed in a native gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. An adhesion assay was performed using 1.0×10⁷/ml A375 cells incubated on nitrocellulose for 4 h. The membrane was washed and fixed, and the bound cells were stained. (D) The cleaved fibronectin fragments that cells can bind to were retrieved from the native gel, then coated on 24-well flat-bottom plates. An adhesion assay was performed using human A375 melanoma cells incubated in the coated plates for 30 min (*<i>P</i><0.05). (E) An adhesion assay was performed using human M21 and M21-L melanoma cells incubated in the full-length fibronectin (FN)- or MMP-2–cleaved fibronectin (FN+MMP-2+APMA)-coated plates for 30 min (***<i>P</i><0.05). Statistical differences were determined by comparing the treated group with the normal control by t-test.</p