Boron doped diamond electrooxidation of 6:2 fluorotelomers and perfluorocarboxylic acids. Application to industrial wastewaters treatment

The aim of this study was to determine the viability of electrochemical oxidation to degrade and mineralize poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wastewaters from an industrial facility dedicated to the production of side-chain-fluorinated polymers and fluorotelomer-based products for fire-fighting foams. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB, 1111 μg/L), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA, 242.5 μg/L) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide propyl N,N dimethylamine (M4, 34.4 μg/L) were the most abundant PFASs in the industrial wastewater, that also contained perfluorocarboxylic acids (ΣPFCAs, 12.2 μg/L), high TOC and chloride as main anion. 2 L samples were treated in bench scale experiments performed at a current density of 50 mA/cm2, in a commercial cell equipped with a boron doped diamond (BDD) anode (70 cm2). 97.1% of the initial PFASs content was removed after 8 h of electrochemical treatment. Furthermore, the TOC removal (82.5%) and the fluoride release confirmed the PFASs mineralization. Based on the evolution of the different PFASs, electrochemical degradation pathways were proposed. Fluorotelomers sulfonamides 6:2 FTAB and M4 would be degraded into 6:2 FTSA, which conversely would give rise to PFHpA and preferentially PFHxA. The latter PFCAs were transformed into shorter-chain PFCAs, and eventually into CO2 and fluoride. The reported results support the technical viability of BDD electrooxidation for the treatment of PFASs in industrial wastewater.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2013-44081-R and CTM2016-75509-R). B. Gomez also thanks the FPI postgraduate research grant (BES-2014-071045)

Efficient electrochemical degradation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from the effluents of an industrial wastewater treatment plant

This paper reports the electrochemical treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). While most of the previous research focused on the electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in model solutions, this work studies the simultaneous removal of 8 PFASs at environmentally relevant concentrations in real industrial emissions, which also contained organic matter and inorganic anions. The overall PFASs content in the WWTP effluent was 1652 µg/L, which emphasized the need to develop innovative technologies for the management of PFASs emissions. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) were the major contributors (92% w/w) to the overall PFASs content, that also contained significant amounts of short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Using a boron doped diamond (BDD) anode of 0.0070 m2, the effluent (2 L) was treated by applying a current density of 50 mA/cm2 for 10 h, that resulted in 99.7% PFASs removal. The operation at lower current densities (5 and 10 mA/cm2) evidenced the initial degradation of 6:2 fluorotelomers into perfluoroheptanoic and perfluorohexanoic acids, that were later degraded into shorter chain PFCAs. The high TOC removal, >90%, and the fluoride release revealed that PFASs mineralization was effective. These results highlight the potential of the electrochemical technology for the treatment of PFASs contained in industrial wastewaters, which nowadays stands as the main source of this group of persistent pollutants into the environment.Financial support of project CTM2013-44081-R (MINECO, SPAIN-FEDER 2014–2020) is acknowledged. B. Gomez also thanks the FPI grant (BES-2014-071045)

Rates and Predictors of Treatment Failure in Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections According to Different Management Strategies: A Multinational Cohort Study—The ARTHR-IS Study Group

Introduction: Guidelines have improved the management of prosthetic joint infections (PJI). However, it is necessary to reassess the incidence and risk factors for treatment failure (TF) of Staphylococcus aureus PJI (SA-PJI) including functional loss, which has so far been neglected as an outcome. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of SA-PJI was performed in 19 European hospitals between 2014 and 2016. The outcome variable was TF, including related mortality, clinical failure and functional loss both after the initial surgical procedure and after all procedures at 18 months. Predictors of TF were identified by logistic regression. Landmark analysis was used to avoid immortal time bias with rifampicin when debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) was performed. Results: One hundred twenty cases of SA-PJI were included. TF rates after the first and all surgical procedures performed were 32.8% and 24.2%, respectively. After all procedures, functional loss was 6.0% for DAIR and 17.2% for prosthesis removal. Variables independently associated with TF for the first procedure were Charlson >= 2, haemoglobin 30 kg/m(2) and delay of DAIR, while rifampicin use was protective. For all procedures, the variables associated with TF were haemoglobin < 10 g/dL, hip fracture and additional joint surgery not related to persistent infection. Conclusions: TF remains common in SA-PJI. Functional loss accounted for a substantial proportion of treatment failures, particularly after prosthesis removal. Use of rifampicin after DAIR was associated with a protective effect. Among the risk factors identified, anaemia and obesity have not frequently been reported in previous studies. [GRAPHICS]

Introduction

Dix ans après le début de la crise des subprimes, la conjoncture des premières années du troisième millénaire demande un regard ample sur les dynamiques de l’économie sans travail, entendue comme l’ensemble des opérations financières qui ne rémunèrent directement ni le travail humain ni l’échange d’un bien

Le droit face à l'économie sans travail: actes des colloques "Histoire de l'économie sans travail : finances, investissements, spéculation de l'Antiquité à nos jours", organisés le 2 décembre 2015 à l'Université Panthéon-Assas Paris 2 ("Les sources intellectuelles"), le 1er avril 2016 à l'Université de Bordeaux ("Les acteurs") et le 18 novembre 2016 à l'Université de Lille ("La résolution des conflits")

Dix ans après le début de la crise des subprimes, la conjoncture des premières années du troisième millénaire demande un regard ample sur les dynamiques de l'économie sans travail, entendue comme l'ensemble des opérations financières qui ne rémunèrent directement ni le travail humain ni l'échange d'un bien" (éditeur

National screening study investigating nine phthalates and one adipate in raw and treated tap water in France

International audienceThe goal of this study was to determine the potential exposure of much of the French population to nine phthalates and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) due to water consumption. The occurrence of these compounds was investigated in raw and treated water from public water systems. Water samples were collected in one sampling campaign equally distributed across 101 French départements (a French administrative unit) from November 2015 to July 2016. In all, 271 raw water samples and 283 treated water samples were collected. A specific sampling protocol was conducted in order to assess phthalate pollution during sampling and analysis, and to produce reliable results. Field blanks were thus collected at the same time as real samples at each sampling point. The contamination detected in field blanks was due to diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are common phthalate interferences in blanks. Their concentrations were never ten times higher than the limits of quantification (LOQ). In tap water, the most frequently detected compound was DBP, at a maximum concentration of 1300 ng/L. In raw water, however, DEP was the most frequently detected analyte with concentrations ranging from 255 to 406 ng/L, while DIBP was observed at a maximum concentration of 1650 ng/L. It is worth mentioning that DEHP-the most widely used phthalate-was only detected in one sample of raw water. Phthalates are not concentrated in any particular area of France in either raw or treated water

Réponse de l'Assemblée nationale à la lettre des représentants du peuple de Pennsylvanie, lors de la séance du 6 juin 1791

Dauchy Luc Jacques Edouard, Bureaux de Pusy Jean-Xavier. Réponse de l'Assemblée nationale à la lettre des représentants du peuple de Pennsylvanie, lors de la séance du 6 juin 1791. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 - Première série (1787-1799) Tome XXVII - Du 6 juin au 5 juillet 1791. Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1887. p. 14