Creación, re significación y uso de recursos simbólicos y discursivos durante el gobierno de Evo Morales (2006-2019)

Trabajo de conclusión de curso presentado al Instituto Latinoamericano de Economía, Sociedad y Política de la Universidad Federal de Integración Latino Americana, como requisito parcial para acceder a la Licenciatura en Relaciones Internacionales e Integración Orientador: Prof. Dra. Paula Daniela FernandezDurante los trece años de gobierno de Evo Morales (2006-2019) junto a su partido el Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), se observan grandes contradicciones entre su discurso político de orden indigenista y sus prácticas políticas, algunas que se remiten a formas políticas de gobiernos tradicionales y de corte occidental. En este sentido se pueden apreciar sus herramientas simbólicas y discursivas, que por un lado toman la imagen de Morales como el único camino posible para el “proceso de cambio”, y otros que resignifican elementos del mundo indígena para ser incorporados al ideario del MAS. De este modo el objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar los recursos simbólicos y discursivos utilizados por el gobierno de Evo Morales y el MAS en el periodo 2006- 2019 a fin de legitimarse y consolidarse en el poder.Durante os treze anos de governo de Evo Morales (2006-2019) com seu partido, o Movimento ao Socialismo (MAS), existem grandes contradições entre seu discurso político de uma ordem indigenista e suas práticas políticas, algumas que se referem a formas políticas de governos tradicionais e ocidentais. Nesse sentido, podem ser apreciadas suas ferramentas simbólicas e discursivas, que por um lado tomam a imagem de Morales como o único caminho possível para o “processo de mudança” e outras que ressignificam elementos do mundo indígena a serem incorporados à ideologia do MAS. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e analisar os recursos simbólicos e discursivos utilizados pelo governo de Evo Morales e pelo MAS no período 2006-2019 para legitimar e consolidar no poder

Anti-Cripto Mab inhibit tumour growth and overcome MDR in a human leukaemia MDR cell line by inhibition of Akt and activation of JNK/SAPK and bad death pathways

Doxorubicin (DOX) selection of CCRF-CEM leukaemia cell line resulted in multidrug resistance (MDR) CEM/A7R cell line, which overexpresses MDR, 1 coded P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Here, we report for the first time that oncoprotein Cripto, a founding member of epidermal growth factor-Cripto-FRL, 1-Criptic family is overexpressed in the CEM/A7R cells, and anti-Cripto monoclonal antibodies (Mab) inhibited CEM/A7R cell growth both in vitro and in an established xenograft tumour in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Cripto Mab synergistically enhanced sensitivity of the MDR cells to Pgp substrates epirubicin (EPI), daunorubicin (DAU) and non-Pgp substrates nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside (AraC). In particular, the combination of anti-Cripto Mab at less than 50% of inhibition concentrations with noncytotoxic concentrations of EPI or DAU inhibited more than 90% of CEM/A7R cell growth. Cripto Mab slightly inhibited Pgp expression, and had little effect on Pgp function, indicating that a mechanism independent of Pgp was involved in overcoming MDR. We demonstrated that anti-Cripto Mab-induced CEM/A7R cell apoptosis, which was associated with an enhanced activity of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, resulting in an activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as evidenced by dephosphorylation of Bad at Ser136, Bcl-2 at Ser70 and a cleaved caspase-9

The chromosome content and genotype of two wheat cell lines and of their somatic fusion product with oat

Somatic hybridization seeks to genetically combine phylogenetically distant parents. An effective system has been established in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involving protoplasts from a non-totipotent cell line adapted to in vitro culture (T1) in combination with totipotent protoplasts harvested from embryogenic calli (T2). Here, we report the karyotype and genotype of T1 and T2. Line T1 carries nine A (A-genome of wheat), seven B (B-genome of wheat) and eight D (D-genome of wheat) genome chromosomes, while T2 cells have 12 A, 10 B and 12 D genome chromosomes. Rates of chromosome aberration in the B- and D-genomes were more than 25%, higher than in the A-genome. DNA deletion rates were 55.6% in T1 and 19.4% in T2, and DNA variation rates were 8.3% in T1 and 13.9% in T2. Rate of DNA elimination was B- > D- > A-genome in both T1 and T2. The same set of cytological and genetic assays was applied to a derivative of the somatic fusion between protoplasts of T1, T2 and oat (Avena sativa L.). The regenerant plants were near euploid with respect to their wheat complement. Six wheat chromosome arms—4AL, 3BS, 4BL, 3DS, 6DL and 7DL—carried small introgressed segments of oat chromatin. A genotypic analysis of the hybrid largely confirmed this cytologically-based diagnosis

High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of HCV among HIV-1 Infected People from Various High-Risk Groups in China

BACKGROUND: Co-infection with HIV-1 and HCV is a significant global public health problem and a major consideration for anti-HIV-1 treatment. HCV infection among HIV-1 positive people who are eligible for the newly launched nationwide anti-HIV-1 treatment program in China has not been well characterized. METHODOLOGY: A nationwide survey of HIV-1 positive injection drug uses (IDU), former paid blood donors (FBD), and sexually transmitted cases from multiple provinces including the four most affected provinces in China was conducted. HCV prevalence and genetic diversity were determined. We found that IDU and FBD have extremely high rates of HCV infection (97% and 93%, respectively). Surprisingly, people who acquired HIV-1 through sexual contact also had a higher rate of HCV infection (20%) than the general population. HIV-1 subtype and HCV genotypes were amazingly similar among FBD from multiple provinces stretching from Central to Northeast China. However, although patterns of overland trafficking of heroin and distinct HIV-1 subtypes could be detected among IDU, HCV genotypes of IDU were more diverse and exhibited significant regional differences. CONCLUSION: Emerging HIV-1 and HCV co-infection and possible sexual transmission of HCV in China require urgent prevention measures and should be taken into consideration in the nationwide antiretroviral treatment program

HER2 therapy: Molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against the HER2 tyrosine kinase receptor. The majority of patients with metastatic breast cancer who initially respond to trastuzumab develop resistance within one year of treatment initiation, and in the adjuvant setting 15% of patients still relapse despite trastuzumab-based therapy. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms of antitumor activity by trastuzumab, and how these mechanisms become altered to promote therapeutic resistance. We also discuss novel therapies that may improve the efficacy of trastuzumab, and that offer hope that the survival of breast cancer patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors can be vastly improved

Selective Synthesis of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Nanowires Via a Single Precursor: A General Method for Metal Oxide Nanowires

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanowires with the diameter of about 100 nm and the length of tens of micrometers have been selectively synthesized by a microemulsion-based method in combination of the calcinations under different atmosphere. The effects of the precursors, annealing temperature, and atmosphere on the morphology and the structure of the products have been investigated. Moreover, Co3O4 nanowires have been fabricated to confirm the versatility of the method for metal oxide nanowires

Risk Assessment of Gastric Cancer Caused by Helicobacter pylori Using CagA Sequence Markers

As a marker of Helicobacter pylori, Cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) has been revealed to be the major virulence factor causing gastroduodenal diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of different gastroduodenal diseases caused by cagA-positive H. pylori infection remain unknown. Current studies are limited to the evaluation of the correlation between diseases and the number of Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motifs in the CagA strain. To further understand the relationship between CagA sequence and its virulence to gastric cancer, we proposed a systematic entropy-based approach to identify the cancer-related residues in the intervening regions of CagA and employed a supervised machine learning method for cancer and non-cancer cases classification.An entropy-based calculation was used to detect key residues of CagA intervening sequences as the gastric cancer biomarker. For each residue, both combinatorial entropy and background entropy were calculated, and the entropy difference was used as the criterion for feature residue selection. The feature values were then fed into Support Vector Machines (SVM) with the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel, and two parameters were tuned to obtain the optimal F value by using grid search. Two other popular sequence classification methods, the BLAST and HMMER, were also applied to the same data for comparison.Our method achieved 76% and 71% classification accuracy for Western and East Asian subtypes, respectively, which performed significantly better than BLAST and HMMER. This research indicates that small variations of amino acids in those important residues might lead to the virulence variance of CagA strains resulting in different gastroduodenal diseases. This study provides not only a useful tool to predict the correlation between the novel CagA strain and diseases, but also a general new framework for detecting biological sequence biomarkers in population studies

Large-scale Synthesis of β-SiC Nanochains and Their Raman/Photoluminescence Properties

Although the SiC/SiO2 nanochain heterojunction has been synthesized, the chained homogeneous nanostructure of SiC has not been reported before. Herein, the novel β-SiC nanochains are synthesized assisted by the AAO template. The characterized results demonstrate that the nanostructures are constructed by spheres of 25–30 nm and conjoint wires of 15–20 nm in diameters. Raman and photoluminescence measurements are used to explore the unique optical properties. A speed-alternating vapor–solid (SA-VS) growth mechanism is proposed to interpret the formation of this typical nanochains. The achieved nanochains enrich the species of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures and may hold great potential applications in nanotechnology

High Rates of Human Fecal Carriage of mcr-1–Positive Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Emerge in China in Association With Successful Plasmid Families

Background: mcr-1–mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is concerning, as colistin is used in treating multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. We identified trends in human fecal mcr-1-positivity rates and colonization with mcr-1–positive, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Enterobacteriaceae in Guangzhou, China, and investigated the genetic contexts of mcr-1 in mcr-1–positive 3GC-R strains. / Methods: Fecal samples were collected from in-/out-patients submitting specimens to 3 hospitals (2011–2016). mcr-1 carriage trends were assessed using iterative sequential regression. A subset of mcr-1–positive isolates was sequenced (whole-genome sequencing [WGS], Illumina), and genetic contexts (flanking regions, plasmids) of mcr-1 were characterized. / Results: Of 8022 fecal samples collected, 497 (6.2%) were mcr-1 positive, and 182 (2.3%) harbored mcr-1–positive 3GC-R Enterobacteriaceae. We observed marked increases in mcr-1 (0% [April 2011] to 31% [March 2016]) and more recent (since January 2014; 0% [April 2011] to 15% [March 2016]) increases in human colonization with mcr-1–positive 3GC-R Enterobacteriaceae (P < .001). mcr-1–positive 3GC-R isolates were commonly multidrug resistant. WGS of mcr-1–positive 3GC-R isolates (70 Escherichia coli, 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae) demonstrated bacterial strain diversity; mcr-1 in association with common plasmid backbones (IncI, IncHI2/HI2A, IncX4) and sometimes in multiple plasmids; frequent mcr-1 chromosomal integration; and high mobility of the mcr-1–associated insertion sequence ISApl1. Sequence data were consistent with plasmid spread among animal/human reservoirs. / Conclusions: The high prevalence of mcr-1 in multidrug-resistant E. coli colonizing humans is a clinical threat; diverse genetic mechanisms (strains/plasmids/insertion sequences) have contributed to the dissemination of mcr-1, and will facilitate its persistence