Die unentdeckte Depression im Akutspital : „Wie äussert sich die Literatur zur Frage, wie die Pflegenden eines Akutspitals bei Patientinnen und Patienten eine bislang nicht entdeckte Depression identifizieren und darauf professionell reagieren können?“

Darstellung des Themas: Laut WHO (2017) gilt die Depression weltweit als führende Ursache für Krankheit und Behinderung im Alltag, deren inadäquate Behandlung durch das Fachpersonal als Behinderungslast der Depressionsdienstleistung gilt. Zielsetzung: Die frühzeitige Identifizierung von Depressionen im Akutspital und die Sensibilisierung des Pflegefachpersonals für das Thema. Die Pflege soll um die psychische Dimension erweitert werden. Methode: Es erfolgte eine systematisierte Literaturrecherche in drei Datenbanken. Acht Studien wurden mit Hilfe eines Arbeitsinstruments analysiert. Ergebnis: Es ist auf eine fehlende Expertise bei der Identifizierung von Depressionen sowie Einleitung von Massnahmen im Verdachtsfall zu schliessen. Die Anwendung von Screening-Instrumenten zur Identifizierung einer Depression im klinischen Alltag des Akutspitals findet kaum statt. Selbst bei offensichtlicher Depression scheint dies vom Pflegefachpersonal nicht als Problematik betrachtet zu werden, die einer Behandlung wert wäre. Schlussfolgerung: Es gilt, die Expertise schon während der Ausbildung und überdies durch regelmässige Fortbildungsmöglichkeiten in Bezug auf psychische Fachkenntnisse zu verbessern und Screening-Instrumente zur Identifizierung einer Depression im klinischen Alltag zu involvieren. Das Pflegefachpersonal sollte mehr auf die eigene Rolle bei der Leistung von Depressionsdiensten sensibilisiert werden

Comparative analysis of genome sequences from four strains of the Buchnera aphidicola Mp endosymbion of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

BACKGROUND: Myzus persicae, the green peach aphid, is a polyphagous herbivore that feeds from hundreds of species of mostly dicot crop plants. Like other phloem-feeding aphids, M. persicae rely on the endosymbiotic bacterium, Buchnera aphidicola (Buchnera Mp), for biosynthesis of essential amino acids and other nutrients that are not sufficiently abundant in their phloem sap diet. Tobacco-specialized M. persicae are typically red and somewhat distinct from other lineages of this species. To determine whether the endosymbiotic bacteria of M. persicae could play a role in tobacco adaptation, we sequenced the Buchnera Mp genomes from two tobacco-adapted and two non-tobacco M. persicae lineages. RESULTS: With a genome size of 643.5 kb and 579 predicted genes, Buchnera Mp is the largest Buchnera genome sequenced to date. No differences in gene content were found between the four sequenced Buchnera Mp strains. Compared to Buchnera APS from the well-studied pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Buchnera Mp has 21 additional genes. These include genes encoding five enzymes required for biosynthesis of the modified nucleoside queosine, the heme pathway enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase, and asparaginase. Asparaginase, which is also encoded by the genome of the aphid host, may allow Buchnera Mp to synthesize essential amino acids from asparagine, a relatively abundant phloem amino acid. CONCLUSIONS: Together our results indicate that the obligate intracellular symbiont Buchnera aphidicola does not contribute to the adaptation of Myzus persicae to feeding on tobacco

Quantitative and qualitative impairments in dendritic cell subsets of patients with ovarian or prostate cancer

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, hence initiating a potent and cancer-specific immune response. This ability (mainly using monocyte-derived DCs) has been exploited in vaccination strategies for decades with limited clinical efficacy. Another alternative would be the use of conventional DCs (cDCs) of which at least three subsets circulate in human blood: cDC1s (CD141bright), cDC2s (CD1c+) and plasmacytoid DCs. Despite their paucity, technical advances may allow for their selection and clinical use. However, many assumptions concerning the DC subset biology depend on observations from mouse models, hindering their translational potential. In this study, we characterise human DCs in patients with ovarian cancer (OvC) or prostate cancer (PrC). Patients and methods Whole blood samples from patients with OvC or PrC and healthy donors (HDs) were evaluated by flow cytometry for the phenotypic and functional characterisation of DC subsets. Results In both patient groups, the frequency of total CD141+ DCs was lower than that in HDs, but the cDC1 subset was only reduced in patients with OvC. CD141+ DCs showed a reduced response to the TLR3 agonist poly (I:C) in both groups of patients. An inverse correlation between the frequency of cDC1s and CA125, the OvC tumour burden marker, was observed. Consistently, high expression of CLEC9A in OvC tissue (The Cancer Genome Atlas data set) indicated a better overall survival. Conclusions cDC1s are reduced in patients with OvC, and CD141+ DCs are quantitatively and qualitatively impaired in patients with OvC or PrC. CD141+ DC activation may predict functional impairment. The loss of cDC1s may be a bad prognostic factor for patients with OvC

Ecological conditions for Saxifraga hirculus in Central Europe: a better understanding for a good protection

Saxifraga hirculus is a postglacial relict in Central Europe, whose populations suffered a dramatic decrease in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, few researchers have been interested in its ecological requirements in Central Europe. This article synthesizes previous knowledge supplemented by original data from the last large population (Switzerland). S. hirculus is a weak competitor which needs precise ecological conditions. It grows on bryophyte carpets in neutral to slightly acid wetlands, with stable water table close to the soil surface (optimum between 8-14 cm) but does not stand long flooding. However, it requires a good oxygen supply, with roots 2-3 cm under the soil surface, generally not reached by water, with running, cold water through loose, fibric peat. Its optimal conditions are in spring fens, but it grows in other types of wetlands as well. However, overgrowing by shrubs, sedges or Sphagnum in natural successions may threaten the species with extinction, as did drainage and peat extraction previously. Now, its survival in Central Europe depends on an adequate management of the ecosystems. Moderate grazing (cattle or sheep) or mowing help to limit competition with taller Carex species. Re-introduction of disappeared populations or creation of new ones from cultivation in botanical garden is possible, but appropriate sites are rare. In some cases, substrate management could improve the conditions in somewhat inadequate situations. This management in four directions can be flexibly applied in different situations to progress to optimal conditions for the conservation of this valuable species

Population genomics reveals that within-fungus polymorphism is common and maintained in populations of the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are symbionts of most plants, increasing plant growth and diversity. The model AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis (isolate DAOM 197198) exhibits low within-fungus polymorphism. In contrast, another study reported high within-fungus variability. Experiments with other R. irregularis isolates suggest that within-fungus genetic variation can affect the fungal phenotype and plant growth, highlighting the biological importance of such variation. We investigated whether there is evidence of differing levels of within-fungus polymorphism in an R. irregularis population. We genotyped 20 isolates using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and developed novel approaches for characterizing polymorphism among haploid nuclei. All isolates exhibited higher within-isolate poly-allelic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) densities than DAOM 197198 in repeated and non-repeated sites mapped to the reference genome. Poly-allelic SNPs were independently confirmed. Allele frequencies within isolates deviated from diploids or tetraploids, or that expected for a strict dikaryote. Phylogeny based on poly-allelic sites was robust and mirrored the standard phylogeny. This indicates that within-fungus genetic variation is maintained in AM fungal populations. Our results predict a heterokaryotic state in the population, considerable differences in copy number variation among isolates and divergence among the copies, or aneuploidy in some isolates. The variation may be a combination of all of these hypotheses. Within-isolate genetic variation in R. irregularis leads to large differences in plant growth. Therefore, characterizing genomic variation within AM fungal populations is of major ecological importance

A population genomics approach shows widespread geographical distribution of cryptic genomic forms of the symbiotic fungus Rhizophagus irregularis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Gomeromycota) associate with plants forming one of the most successful microbe-plant associations. The fungi promote plant diversity and have a potentially important role in global agriculture. Plant growth depends on both inter- and intra-specific variation in AMF. It was recently reported that an unusually large number of AMF taxa have an intercontinental distribution, suggesting long-distance gene flow for many AMF species, facilitated by either long-distance natural dispersal mechanisms or human-assisted dispersal. However, the intercontinental distribution of AMF species has been questioned because the use of very low-resolution markers may be unsuitable to detect genetic differences among geographically separated AMF, as seen with some other fungi. This has been untestable because of the lack of population genomic data, with high resolution, for any AMF taxa. Here we use phylogenetics and population genomics to test for intra-specific variation in Rhizophagus irregularis, an AMF species for which genome sequence information already exists. We used ddRAD sequencing to obtain thousands of markers distributed across the genomes of 81 R. irregularis isolates and related species. Based on 6 888 variable positions, we observed significant genetic divergence into four main genetic groups within R. irregularis, highlighting that previous studies have not captured underlying genetic variation. Despite considerable genetic divergence, surprisingly, the variation could not be explained by geographical origin, thus also supporting the hypothesis for at least one AMF species of widely dispersed AMF genotypes at an intercontinental scale. Such information is crucial for understanding AMF ecology, and how these fungi can be used in an environmentally safe way in distant locations

Pinus elliottii var. densa Seedling Performance Reflects Ectomycorrhizas, Soil Nutrient Availability and Root Competition

Ectomycorrhizas generally improve seedling mineral nutrition and growth, so I hypothesized that decline of the Florida native pine variety Pinus elliottii var. densa Little & Dorman is related to deficiency of appropriate ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in the pine\u27s native flatwoods. At Archbold Biological Station I examined how quickly ECM fungi colonize P. elliottii var. densa seedlings and I compared the effect of local absence versus presence of adult pines on ECM colonization and pine seedling performance. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, I investigated how a wide range of ECM colonization and spread of extraradical mycelium throughout a large volume of relatively infertile, flatwoods soil enhance the mineral nutrition and growth of pine seedlings. In a field bioassay, I transplanted two-month-old pine seedlings to three flatwoods sites with low (4 pines/400 square m), medium (9 pines/400 square m), and high (19 pines/400 square m) adult pine densities. I subsequently excavated seedlings every two weeks for four-and-a-half months and determined their ECM colonization, response to shade, and response to surrounding grass density. Across all sites, pine seedlings in high shade had a higher mean chlorophyll concentration and lower stem dry weight than in full sun. Competition with grass reduced seedling survival and stem dry weight. Initial colonization was rapid and not different among sites, with 5.4 % of roots colonized 15 days after transplant. Pine seedlings had midpoint means of 29.5 %, 18.1 % and 21.3 % ECM root tips in low, medium and high adult pine density sites, respectively, suggesting that pine seedlings establishing in flatwoods encounter sufficient ECM fungi to support their growth, regardless of adult pine density. In a field experiment, I determined in the presence versus absence of adult pines if pine seedlings had higher ECM colonization and consequent improved survival, mineral nutrition, and growth. Within and beyond pine stands, I transplanted seedlings into intact or drilled, hyphae in-growth pipes buried in the ground. I placed autoclaved or fresh ECM root inoculum in two sets of intact pipes, and autoclaved inoculum in drilled pipes into which mycorrhizal hyphae could extend from the surrounding vegetation. Seven-and-a-half months after transplant, ECM hyphae had penetrated the drilled pipes and colonized pine seedlings, but roots from the surrounding vegetation also penetrated pipes. Extraneous roots reduced the survival of seedlings both within and beyond pine stands, but extraneous roots reduced seedling growth only beyond pine stands. Because percentage ECM root tips was higher in the presence (53 %) than in the absence (38.8%) of adult pines, pine stands might benefit the competitive ability of seedlings by increased ECM colonization and possibly by common mycorrhizal networks connecting seedlings to adults. Because beneficial effects of ECM in the field were small, I also examined ECM effects on pine seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. I manipulated ECM fungus colonization and the volume of flatwoods soil to which extraradical mycelium had access. In a small volume of soil (220 mL), fresh ECM root inoculum promoted the mycorrhizal colonization of seedlings versus those receiving autoclaved roots, but seedling growth and uptake of Mg, Ca, and Zn was lower with fresh than with autoclaved root inoculum. Growth and mineral nutrient uptake likely was enhanced by a pulse of nutrients from autoclaved roots, but for inoculated plants may have been reduced because of nutrient retention by saprotrophic microorganisms degrading fresh ECM roots and because of mineral nutrient retention by ECM fungi. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings with extraradical mycelium access to a large soil volume had higher mean chlorophyll concentration than those in a small soil volume. Weekly disturbance of the extraradical mycelium, however, reduced foliar contents of Mn, K, P, N, and Zn by one-third to one-half, and reduced needle dry weight of seedlings by one-third, demonstrating the importance of extraradical mycelium accessing a large volume of soil when it is nutrient-poor. My research demonstrates that ECM fungi are widespread in flatwoods and rapidly colonize pine seedlings. ECM fungus inocula are greater in the presence than in the absence of adult pines, and ECM or seedlings\u27 connections to a common mycorrhizal network improve seedlings\u27 belowground competitive ability. ECM especially enhance seedling mineral nutrition and growth when undisturbed, extraradical mycelium extends throughout a large volume of soil. Populations of Pinus elliottii var. densa might best regenerate in flatwoods if seedlings recruit near adult pines and where there is little competition for light, water, and mineral nutrients