The Internal-External Security Nexus and EU Police/Rule of Law Missions in the Western Balkans

Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) police/rule of law missions in the Western Balkans are increasingly guided by externally imposed normative agendas that respond primarily to EU internal security needs rather than functional imperatives or local realities. In line with these needs, EU police reform efforts tend to prioritise effectiveness and crime fighting over longer- term democratic policing and good governance reforms. In practice this means that police reform initiatives are technocratically oriented, yet value ridden fitting EU security concerns and needs. As a result, the police reform process can be—and often is—disconnected from the political and socio-economic reforms necessary for long-term stability and sustainable peace. Police assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been shaped by a determined albeit questionable focus on organised crime and corruption. The focus of EU police reform in Macedonia on primarily crime-fighting aspects of policing has compromised the functioning of the Macedonian police. Similarly, the politics of (non-)recognition of Kosovo's self-proclaimed independence and the intrusiveness of EULEX Kosovo's executive mandate contravene meeting local challenges

On the Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields

We review the literature concerning how the cosmic magnetic fields pervading nearly all galaxies actually got started. some observational evidence involves the chemical abundance of the light elements Be and B, while another one is based on strong magnetic fields seen in high red shift galaxies. Seed fields, whose strength is of order 10^{-20} gauss, easily sprung up in the era preceding galaxy formation. Several mechanisms are proposed to amplify these seed fields to microgauss strengths. The standard mechanism is the Alpha-Omega dynamo theory. It has a major difficulty that makes unlikely to provide the sole origin. The difficulty is rooted in the fact that the total flux is constant. This implies that flux must be removed from the galactic discs. This requires that the field and flux be separated, for otherwise interstellar mass must be removed from the deep galactic gravitational and then their strength increased by the alpha omega theory.Comment: 90 pages and 6 figures; accepted for publication in Reports of Progress in Physics as an invited revie

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3) : analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings 164563 young people were included in this analysis: 121328 (73·7%) children, 22963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group.peer-reviewe

The Reorientation in British Strategic Policy During the 1960s

In the period 1964 – 70 arguably the most significant decisions were taken in British strategic military policy in the whole post-war period. During these years, Britain narrowed its strategic focus away from a global orientation and towards a concentration upon the continent of Europe. With the aid of hindsight, such a transition appears to have been inevitable as Britain came to terms with its status as a middle-ranking European power. However, as the new Labour government came into office ..

Dynamiques européennes. Nouvel espace, nouveaux acteurs

Les échecs de la construction européenne font plus de bruit que ses succès. Les blocages de l’Europe sont patents et, pourtant, l’Europe avance encore, car elle s’appuie depuis le milieu du XXe siècle sur une « dynamique » ou un ensemble de « dynamiques » intéressantes à analyser dans leur complexité. Les chercheurs qui ont contribué au présent ouvrage ont concentré leur réflexion sur cette notion de « dynamique européenne » en scrutant une période décisive, celle des années soixante-dix et du début des années quatre-vingt. Avec l’élargissement de la Communauté européenne, de nouveaux acteurs entrent en scène, un nouvel espace se dessine, de nouveaux enjeux s’imposent. Une identité nouvelle est même affirmée à la conférence de Copenhague en 1973, une identité politique communautaire, différente de la vieille et classique identité culturelle européenne. En outre, avec la « détente » entre l’Est et l’Ouest et le processus d’Helsinki, l’Autre Europe, celle de l’autre côté du rideau de fer, est dès cette époque concernée par la dynamique d’échanges intra-européens. L’étude de ces changements déterminants, qui ont contribué à modeler l’Europe d’aujourd’hui, a été développée lors d’un colloque organisé à Oxford, sous la direction d’Élisabeth du Réau (École doctorale « Espace européen contemporain », Paris III), d’Anne Deighton (St Anthony College, Oxford) et de Robert Frank (Institut Pierre Renouvin, Paris I), dans le cadre du vaste réseau international d’historiens travaillant sur « Les identités européennes au XXe siècle »