9 research outputs found

    The composition of the protosolar disk and the formation conditions for comets

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    Conditions in the protosolar nebula have left their mark in the composition of cometary volatiles, thought to be some of the most pristine material in the solar system. Cometary compositions represent the end point of processing that began in the parent molecular cloud core and continued through the collapse of that core to form the protosun and the solar nebula, and finally during the evolution of the solar nebula itself as the cometary bodies were accreting. Disentangling the effects of the various epochs on the final composition of a comet is complicated. But comets are not the only source of information about the solar nebula. Protostellar disks around young stars similar to the protosun provide a way of investigating the evolution of disks similar to the solar nebula while they are in the process of evolving to form their own solar systems. In this way we can learn about the physical and chemical conditions under which comets formed, and about the types of dynamical processing that shaped the solar system we see today. This paper summarizes some recent contributions to our understanding of both cometary volatiles and the composition, structure and evolution of protostellar disks.Comment: To appear in Space Science Reviews. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0167-

    Rank severals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

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    15 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, 58 references. We thank Paloma Ruiz for her qualified help with the SFI database management and Silvia Matesanz for help with the analyses.[EN]: ‱ Interspecific differences in tree growth patterns with respect to biotic and abiotic factors are key for understanding forest structure and dynamics, and predicting potential changes under climate change. ‱ Repeated observations from the Spanish Forest Inventory (SFI) were used to parameterize maximum likelihood estimators of tree growth as a function of tree size, competition indices and climate for Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris, Quercus ilex and Q. pyrenaica. ‱ Significant responses to both biotic and abiotic factors were found, with interspecific differences in species performance along competition, temperature and precipitation gradients. Q. ilex was the species most tolerant to competition while P. pinaster was the species most sensitive to climatic variation. Species relative positions shifted along gradients of these factors with rank reversals in species performance along size, competition and climatic gradients. ‱ The results based on average growth matched previous forestry classifications and experimental studies on relative growth rate (RGR). ‱ When examining growth along studied abiotic and biotic gradients, a mismatch was found between species performance ranks as predicted by our models and information derived from previous knowledge. Those discrepancies highlight the relevance of ontogeny and environmental heterogeneity in defining species performance along competition gradients.[FR]: Interversion de rangs dans la croissance des arbres en relation avec la taille de l’arbre, la compĂ©tition et les gradients climatiques pour quatre espĂšces forestiĂšres dominantes dans la canopĂ©e. ‱ Les diffĂ©rences interspĂ©cifiques dans les modĂšles de croissance des arbres, pour ce qui concerne les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques, sont des clĂ©s pour la comprĂ©hension des structures et des dynamiques forestiĂšres, et pour prĂ©dire les changement potentiels avec le changement climatique. ‱ Des observations rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es de l’Inventaire Forestier Espagnol (SFI) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour paramĂ©trer les estimateurs de probabilitĂ© maximum de croissance des arbres comme une fonction de la taille de l’arbre, des indices de compĂ©tition et du climat pour Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus ilex et Quercus pyrenaica. ‱ Des rĂ©ponses significatives aux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©es, avec des diffĂ©rences interspĂ©cifiques pour les performances des espĂšces en relation avec la compĂ©tition, les gradients de tempĂ©rature et de prĂ©cipitations. Quercus ilex a Ă©tĂ© l’espĂšce la plus tolĂ©rante Ă  la compĂ©tition tandis que Pinus pinaster a Ă©tĂ© l’espĂšce la plus sensible aux variations climatiques. Les positions relatives des espĂšces ont changĂ© en relation avec les gradients de ces facteurs avec des interversions de rang pour les performances des espĂšces en relation avec la taille, la compĂ©tition et les gradients climatiques. ‱ Les rĂ©sultats basĂ©s sur la moyenne de croissance sont en adĂ©quation avec la classification forestiĂšre antĂ©rieure et les Ă©tudes expĂ©rimentales sur le taux relatif de croissance (RGR). ‱ En examinant la croissance en relations avec les gradients biotiques et abiotiques Ă©tudiĂ©s, il a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ© une disparitĂ© entre les rangs de performance des espĂšces prĂ©dits par nos modĂšles et les informations provenant des connaissances antĂ©rieures. Ces divergences soulignent l’importance de l’ontogĂ©nie et de l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© environnementale pour la dĂ©termination des performances des espĂšces en relation avec les gradients de compĂ©tition.DSG was supported by a grant from Comunidad de Madrid through the network REMEDINAL (S-0505/AMB/0335). IRU was supported by a FPI-MEC grant. MAZ acknowledges support from grants CAM-UAH2005/2004, REN2000-745 (CICYT) and CGL2005-05830-C03-01/BOS (CICYT). Interactions among scientists from CSIC and Universidad de AlcalĂĄ were facilitated by the forest research networks GLOBIMED (www.globimed.net) and REDBOME (www.redbome.org). DvS was facilitated by an Erasmus exchange grant.Peer reviewe

    Laboratory Studies Towards Understanding Comets

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    The Composition of the Protosolar Disk and the Formation Conditions for Comets

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    Le cancer du sein chez la femme ùgée (hors situation métastatique)

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    Cometary Isotopic Measurements

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