Effect of Vestibular Training with Regular Rehabilitation on the Overall Development of Children with Global Developmental Delay and Hypotonia: a Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThe increase in the number of children with global developmental delay and hypotonia is a growing concern. However, clinical rehabilitation for these patients is often carried out using monotherapy approaches, and the period for achieving improvement is relatively long.ObjectiveTo observe the effect of vestibular training with regular rehabilitation on muscle tone and global developmental level in children with global developmental delay with hypotonia, providing evidence for improving treatment options for these children.MethodsSixty children with global developmental delay accompanied by hypotonia who received rehabilitation training in Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine from April 2018 to January 2020 were selected, and equally randomized into a control group (regular rehabilitation) and an observation group (vestibular training with regular rehabilitation) . Both groups were treated once daily, 6 days per week, for consecutive 4 weeks. Changes in the normative percentages of Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) subscales and development quotient, and muscle tone grading of both groups were observed before and after treatment. The overall response rates of muscle tone improvement were compared between the groups.ResultsThe values of normative percentages of GMDS subscales and development quotient were similar in both groups at baseline (P>0.05) , but they were more higher in the observation group after intervention (P<0.05) . The post-intervention level of muscle tone of the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05) although intergroup difference in baseline muscle tone level was insignificant (P>0.05) . The observation group had a much higher overall response rate of muscle tone improvement 〔86.7% (26/30) : 17 (56.7%) with significant responses, 9 (30.0%) with fair responses, 4 (13.3%) with no responses〕 than the control group〔56.7% (17/30) : 9 (30.0%) with significant responses, 8 (26.7%) with fair responses, 13 (43.3%) with no responses〕 (χ2=13.658, P<0.001) .ConclusionVestibular training with regular rehabilitation could improve the muscle tone and developmental delay in children with global developmental delay and hypotonia, which was superior to regular rehabilitation

Genome-wide identification of microRNAs and their targets in the leaves and fruit of Eucommia ulmoides using high-throughput sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of endogenous small non-coding RNAs, play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress response processes. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (hardy rubber tree) is one of the few woody plants capable of producing trans-1, 4-polyisoprene (TPI), also known as Eu-rubber, which has been utilized as an industrial raw material and is extensively cultivated in China. However, the mechanism of TPI biosynthesis has not been identified in E. ulmoides. To characterize small RNAs and their targets with potential biological roles involved in the TPI biosynthesis in E. ulmoides, in the present study, eight small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced from young and mature leaves and fruits of E. ulmoides. Further analysis identified 34 conserved miRNAs belonging to 20 families (two unclassified families), and 115 novel miRNAs seemed to be specific to E. ulmoides. Among these miRNAs, fourteen conserved miRNAs and 49 novel miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed and identified as Eu-rubber accumulation related miRNAs. Based on the E. ulmoides genomic data, 202 and 306 potential target genes were predicted for 33 conserved and 94 novel miRNAs, respectively; the predicted targets are mostly transcription factors and functional genes, which were enriched in metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Noticeably, based on the expression patterns of miRNAs and their target genes in combination with the Eu-rubber accumulation, the negative correlation of expression of six miRNAs (Eu-miR14, Eu-miR91, miR162a, miR166a, miR172c, and miR396a) and their predicted targets serving as potential regulators in Eu-rubber accumulation. This study is the first to detect conserved and novel miRNAs and their potential targets in E. ulmoides and identify several candidate genes potentially controlling rubber accumulation, and thus provide molecular evidence for understanding the roles of miRNAs in regulating the TPI biosynthesis in E. ulmoides

De novo sequencing of Eucommia ulmoides flower bud transcriptomes for identification of genes related to floral development

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a woody perennial dioecious species native to China and has great economic value. However, little is known about flower bud development in this species. In this study, the transcriptomes of female and male flower buds were sequenced using the Illumina platform, a next-generation sequencing technology that provides cost-effective, highly efficient transcriptome profiling. In total, 11,558,188,080 clean reads were assembled into 75,065 unigenes with an average length of 1011 bp by de novo assembly using Trinity software. Through similarity comparisons with known protein databases, 47,071 unigenes were annotated, 146 of which were putatively related to the floral development of E. ulmoides. Fifteen of the 146 unigenes had significantly different expression levels between the two samples. Additionally, 24,346 simple sequence repeats were identified in 18,565 unigenes with 12,793 sequences suitable for the designed primers. In total, 67,447 and 58,236 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in male and female buds, respectively. This study provides a valuable resource for further conservation genetics and functional genomics research on E. ulmoides

The complete chloroplast genome of Prunus mira koehne (Prunoideae, Rosaceae), a wild and indigenous peach on Tibet, China

Prunus mira Koehne belonging to family Rosaceae, is an indigenous species distributed in Tibet, China. De novo assembly with low coverage whole genome sequencing data facilitated to generate the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. mira in this study. The genome was a circular DNA molecule with 158,153 bp in length. It exhibited a typical quadripartite structure comprising a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,319 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 19,022 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 26,406 bp each). A total of 112 genes were predicted, which included 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. mira was the most ancestral and basal lineage within the subgenus Amygdalus (Prunoideae subfamily), which is conform to the traditional classification

Marketing structure and transaction pattern diversification of fresh milk in Inner Mongolia (A case of study of Hohhot City)

From the 1990s, marketing structure and transaction pattern of Inner Mongolia have been changing extensively. Establishment of milk station is a chance for the dairy farmers, who do not own the milking facilities, have to take dairy cows to the milk station and to sell their fresh milk. Concerning the fresh milk transaction, the milk station is functioning to intensify the small scaled farmers, to stabilize the security of fresh milk and to strengthen hygiene management by controlling the quality of fresh milk for the milk makers.0n the other hand, it also reduces the investment of milking facility and stabilizes the destination of product for the small scaled dairy farmers. It can be clearly investigated that there are 5 types of milk transaction pattern for the dairy farmers in Hohhot city. Particularly, Dairy farming cooperatives and large scale dairy fanning area make contract with the milk makers, which is composed of 46% of the whole region. From now on, as increasing demand of the milk and dairy product in which large proportion of the fresh milk is mainly provided by the small scaled dairy farmers, those contract patterns of milk stations will be spread in the milk market of Inner Mongolia.90年代以降，内モンゴルにおける生乳の流通構造と取引形態が大きく変わりつつある．乳業メーカーの設立した搾乳ステーションを契機に自ら搾乳施設を持っていない酪農家は乳牛を搾乳ステーションまで移動させ搾乳し，生乳の販売が行われるようになっている．フフホト市における酪農家の生乳の取引形態により生乳を直接販売する酪農家，出荷先を選択できる酪農家，合作社乳牛養殖酪農家，大規模酪農家団地，乳業メーカーの直営牧場の５つに類型化できることが明らかになった．このうち，合作社乳牛養殖小区と大規模酪農団地のタイプは乳業メーカーと契約があり，生乳の生産量はフフホト市全体の46％を占めている．今後も牛乳・乳製品の需要が増加する一方，生乳の提供主体は零細酪農であるため，内モンゴルの乳業市場においては契約により搾乳ステーションが普及すると考えられる．一方，内モンゴルにおいては零細な酪農家の集約化に伴い，多様な酪農経営形態が生み出され，取引形態による生乳価格に格差がある．このような様々な集約により生乳の取引価格に格差があり，大規模乳業メーカーの市場支配力が高まり，乳業にも酪農にもおいて二極化が進む可能性が高いと考えられる．さらに，乳業メーカーとの契約がある酪農家の生乳の取引価格が高く，集約化が進展しているが，この大規模乳業メーカーの支配力が過度に高まることにより取引価格下落が懸念される

Two Types of New Natural Materials for Fruit Vinegar in

To increase Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica and P. domestica × P. armeniaca added value; three natural fruit vinegars were designed. The results showed the nutrition of Prunus domestica × P. armeniaca cultivar Fengweimeigui vinegar (T1) had high minerals and microelements, especially the Ca and Mg reached to the 150.00mg/L, 85.40 mg/L, respectively; the vinegar of Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica cultivar Zhongren No.1 (T2) not only have rich Na (2800.00 mg/L), P (123.00 mg/L), but also have plentiful amino acid that content reached to 200.08 mg/L. However, the mixture vinegar (T3) with pulps from Prunus domestica × P. armeniaca and Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica had the middle nutrient contents, but the property was balanced. We therefore conclude that solid fermentation is a suitable method to preserve nutrients and value-added for Prunus plants fruit, and three types vinegars are suitable for different age people, and the difference nutrient contents and typical characteristic indicate that three vinegars are competitive products in market

Two Types of New Natural Materials for Fruit Vinegar in Prunus Plants

To increase Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica and P. domestica × P. armeniaca added value; three natural fruit vinegars were designed. The results showed the nutrition of Prunus domestica × P. armeniaca cultivar Fengweimeigui vinegar (T1) had high minerals and microelements, especially the Ca and Mg reached to the 150.00mg/L, 85.40 mg/L, respectively; the vinegar of Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica cultivar Zhongren No.1 (T2) not only have rich Na (2800.00 mg/L), P (123.00 mg/L), but also have plentiful amino acid that content reached to 200.08 mg/L. However, the mixture vinegar (T3) with pulps from Prunus domestica × P. armeniaca and Prunus armeniaca × P. sibirica had the middle nutrient contents, but the property was balanced. We therefore conclude that solid fermentation is a suitable method to preserve nutrients and value-added for Prunus plants fruit, and three types vinegars are suitable for different age people, and the difference nutrient contents and typical characteristic indicate that three vinegars are competitive products in market

Impacts of methyl jasmonate on Selaginella martensii: volatiles, transcriptomics, phytohormones, and gas exchange

Exposing Selaginella martensiito methyl jasmonate caused profound transcriptomic changes, dose-dependent increases in stress volatile emissions, increased 12-oxo-phytodienoic and jasmonic acid concentrations, and decreased gas exchange rate. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induces various defence responses in seed plants, but for early plant lineages, information on the potential of jasmonates to elicit stress signalling and trigger physiological modifications is limited. The spikemoss Selaginella martensii was exposed to a range of MeJA concentrations (0, 10, 25, and 50 mM), and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, photosynthetic rate (A), and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were continuously measured. In addition, changes in phytohormone concentrations and gene expression were studied. Enhancement of methanol, lipoxygenase pathway volatiles and linalool emissions, and reductions in A and g(s), were MeJA dose-dependent. Before MeJA treatment, the concentration of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was 7-fold higher than jasmonic acid (JA). MeJA treatment rapidly increased OPDA and JA concentrations (within 30 min), with the latter more responsive. Some genes involved in BVOC biosynthesis and OPDA-specific response were up-regulated at 30 min after MeJA spraying, whereas those in the JA signalling pathway were not affected. Although JA was synthesized in S. martensii, OPDA was prioritized as a signalling molecule upon MeJA application. MeJA inhibited primary and enhanced secondary metabolism; we propose that fast-emitted linalool could serve as a marker of elicitation of stress-induced metabolism in lycophytes