FORMULASI MOUTHWASH MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum L.) SERTA UJI ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTIBIOFILM TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans SECARA IN VITRO

Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) contain essential oil that have been reported to have antibacterial activity. Based on this antibacterial activity, basil oil can be developed as mouthwash to prevent a dental plaque. This study aims to investigate the influence of tween 80 (as emulsifying agent) and glycerin (as stabilizer) on physical characteristics of the mouthwash, the ratio between tween 80 and glycerin for best stability, and in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans. Basil oil was extracted by water and steam distillation, then was formulated into mouthwash with a variation amount of tween 80 and glyserin. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities weretested with micro dilution method. Result of study showed that tween 80 gives significant increase on viscosity and glycerin on specific mass when they were added at more than 2.5 mL in 50 mL mouthwash. From five formulas, formula with ratio of tween 80 and glycerin =  3.75 mL : 1.25 mL was found to be the best. Basil mouthwash showedin vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Streptococcus mutans. This product had MIC of 0.1 % v/v with 87,50 ± 3,33 % of bacterial inhibition. The MIC of biofilm formation and biofilm degradation was 0.1 % v/v and 0.2 % v/v, with % inhibition and degradation of 77,52 ± 0,82 % and 57,64 ± 6,09 %, respectively.Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) mengandung minyak atsiri yang dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Berdasarkan sifat antibakterinya, maka minyak atsiri daun kemangi dapat dikembangkan menjadi mouthwash untuk mencegah timbulnya plak gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tween 80 (emulgator) dan gliserin (stabilizer) pada sifat fisik mouthwash, mengetahui perbandingan tween 80 dan gliserin yang menghasilkan mouthwash dengan stabilitas terbaik, serta melihat aktivitasnya sebagai agen antibakteri dan antibiofilm terhadap Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. Minyak atsiri diperoleh dengan cara distilasi air dan uap air. Minyak atsiri kemudian diformulasi menjadi sediaan mouthwash dan dilakukan variasi jumlah tween 80 serta gliserin untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisik sediaan. Aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm diuji dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tween 80 berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kenaikan viskositas dan gliserin berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kenaikan massa jenis bila keduanya ditambahkan lebih dari 2,5 mL dalam 50 mL mouthwash. Dari lima formula yang dibuat, formula dengan perbandingan tween 80 dan gliserin =  3,75 mL : 1,25 mL ditemukan sebagai formula terbaik. Mouthwash daun kemangi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm terhadap Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. Sediaan tersebut memiliki nilai KHM sebesar 0,1 % v/v dengan % penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri sebesar 87,50 ± 3,33 %, sedangkan kadar optimum minyak atsiri daun kemangi yang mampu menghambat serta mendegradasi biofilm berturut-turut adalah 0,1 % v/v dan 0,2 % v/v dengan % penghambatan dan degradasi biofilm sebesar 77,52 ± 0,82 % dan 57,64 ± 6,09 %

In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of tegeran wood (Cudrania javanensisTrécul) extracts [Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri ekstrak kayu tegeran secara in-vitro(Cudrania javanensisTrécul)]

Cudrania javanensis generally used as natural dyes in Indonesia, but limitedis known about its biological activities. The study aimed to assess in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of C. javanensis crude extracts. The antioxidant properties of crude extracts were determined by the DPPH free radical and ABTS method. Methanol and water extracts were also evaluated for their antimicrobial activities toward strain of Gram positivebacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that C. javanensis wood methanol extract exhibited good antioxidant activity than water extract, which against DPPH radical with IC50of 12.23±1.43 μg/mL, andscavenging to ABTS radical about 964.69±15.05 mg trolox equivalent/g at 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. However, both of extracts did not possess activity toward antibacterial assay. This study indicated that methanol and water extracts from C. javanensis wood could be used as natural antioxidant resources

Characterization of porous starch from edible canna (Canna edulis Kerr.) produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using thermostable α-amylase

Porous starches are essential modified starches that have potential application as natural absorbents and contain abundant micro sized pores. Increasing interest is directed to utilizing the properties of porous starches in various starchy foods, such as Canna edulis Kerr. To date, no report about edible canna porous starch is available. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the porous starch from edible canna produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using thermostable α-amylase. A starch suspension (25%, w/v) in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) was added the thermostable α-amylase (100 U/g, 200 U/g and 300 U/g) and then incubated at 60 °C and 80 rpm for 8 h. The pellets were dried at 40 °C for 48 h. The SEM results displayed that the increase in enzyme concentration caused the formation of larger pores on the starch granule surface due to amylose degradation. FTIR and XRD analysis showed that enzymatic hydrolysis did not affect the crystalline structure of the edible canna porous starch. Furthermore, the edible canna porous starch exhibited high solubility and oil and water absorption capacity. Thus, the porous starch from C. edulis Kerr. could be used as a probiotic, flavoring, or drug delivery agent by microencapsulation

Characterization of porous starch from edible canna (Canna edulis Kerr.) produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using thermostable alpha-amylase

Porous starches are essential modified starches that have potential application as natural absorbents and contain abundant micro sized pores. Increasing interest is directed to utilizing the properties of porous starches in various starchy foods, such as Canna edulis Kerr. To date, no report about edible canna porous starch is available. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the porous starch from edible canna produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using thermostable α-amylase. A starch suspension (25, w/v) in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) was added the thermostable α-amylase (100 U/g, 200 U/g and 300 U/g) and then incubated at 60 °C and 80 rpm for 8 h. The pellets were dried at 40 °C for 48 h. The SEM results displayed that the increase in enzyme concentration caused the formation of larger pores on the starch granule surface due to amylose degradation. FTIR and XRD analysis showed that enzymatic hydrolysis did not affect the crystalline structure of the edible canna porous starch. Furthermore, the edible canna porous starch exhibited high solubility and oil and water absorption capacity. Thus, the porous starch from C. edulis Kerr. could be used as a probiotic, flavoring, or drug delivery agent by microencapsulation

Photoreactive polymer and C,H-insertion reaction to tailor the properties of CHA/gelatin-based scaffold

A series of photoreactive polymers containing poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and 2-hydroxy-(4-methacryloyloxybenzophenone), P(DMAA-n%MABP-OH), was explored to modify sheet-formed carbonated hydroxyapatite/gelatin (CHA/gelatin) scaffold. Under UV-light illumination, the benzophenones react with any C–H bonds in their vicinity through a C,H-insertion mechanism, enabling PDMAA-based hydrogel formation that is covalently attached to the gelatin. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure of P(DMAA-n%MABP-OH) polymers with aimed n = 1, 5, 10, while GPC determined their molecular masses. The benzophenone reactivity under UV-light illumination for 0–240 min. was demonstrated using UV-Vis spectroscopy at 240–400 nm. After immobilization of P(DMAA-n%MABP-OH) onto the CHA/gelatin scaffold, typical FTIR vibration bands of both compounds could be detected on the spectra of the modified scaffolds. SEM images showed that the scaffold is highly porous with approximately 100 µm thickness. P(DMAA-n%MABP-OH) addition led to 2–3 times increase in thickness and 15–19% mass addition. Furthermore, it was shown that chemical (degradation and Ca2+ release profile), physical (4−7 swelling index), mechanical (0.06−0.17 MPa wet tensile strength and 0.2−0.8 MPa elastic modulus), and biological (cell adhesion) properties of the scaffold could be tailored by varying the photocrosslinker content. Cytotoxicity test showed that all studied CHA/gelatin-based scaffolds were nontoxic (>80% cell viability)

A Mini-Review: Possible Mechanisms of Hepatoprotective Effect of Aloe Vera Gel

Protective agent for hepatotoxicity is still a great challenge in the management of liver diseases. Aloe vera is a beneficial plant that has been studied for food supplements, cosmetic and herbal medicine. Aloe vera contains many compounds which have a role in body health including polysaccharides, phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, amino acid, and several minerals. There have been compelling evidences that natural phytochemicals and their derivatives have hepatoprotective activities. Information of the aloe vera and its mechanism of action for possible hepatoprotective activities, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies were obtained from Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar search engines. This current review was focusing on the possible contribution of compounds inside aloe vera gel and the suggestion of its mechanism on protective effect, especially for liver. The complexity of monosaccharides composition, backbone structures, acetyl group, and molecular weight of aloe polysaccharides have possible correlations with its hepatoprotective effect. Most of the hepatoprotective mechanisms of aloe compounds are related to their protective effect against inflammation and oxidative stress. Several compounds may have combination effects or several targets lead to synergistic effects.Keywords: Aloe vera, food supplement, hepatoprotective, liver disease, mechanism of action

DYEING OF COTTON FABRIC WITH NATURAL DYE FROM CUDRANIA JAVANENSIS USING SOKA LEAVES EXTRACT AS BIOMORDANT

Tegeran wood (Cudrania javanensis) has been used for dyeing process of batik in Indonesian textile small medium scale enterprise. This wood gave soga color when it was mixed with others natural dye. This study was aim to evaluate the caharacteristic, fastness properties, and strength color of dyed cotton fabrics using C. javanensis with bio-mordant soka leaves extract. Extraction of C. javanensis was carried out using water. The post mordant process was carried out by applying alum (KAl(SO4)2•12H2O) solution and soka leaves extract on cotton fabrics with the concentration of 0.5 and 1% b/v. Characteristic of dyed cotton fabrics then was evaluated using Fourier-Transform Infrared (F-TIR) Spectroscopy. The results exhibited that, binding between tegeran wood on cotton using mordant alum and soka leaves extract was similar.The fastness properties both dyed cottons toward light and  washing at 40ºC exhibited poor and very poor values with values of 1-2 and 1. The dry and wet rubbing of dyed cotton using soka leaves extract mordant better than using alum. The soka leaves extract gave yellow and brightness color on cotton.The results suggested that soka leaves extract can be used as mordant substitute the alum mordant and apllied with others natural dyes