Perpétuer les Rituels-Étude de la Fonction Culturelle de la Nourriture dans Le Rêve dans le Pavillon Rouge

Sans doute, il existe déjà des études abondantes sur la gastronomie du Rêve dans le Pavillon Rouge. William Chan Tat Chuen et Duan Zhenli ont mis beaucoup d’accent sur les recettes dans le Rouge et leur origine; l’interprétation éthique des descriptions gastronomiques est présentée par Liu Xia dans son œuvre sur un seul mets terrine d’aubergine dans le roman. La plupart des études sur les nourritures du Rouge s’intéressent apparemment plutôt aux recettes afin d’avoir une idée concrète permettant de reproduire ces plats. Le focus de mes recherches est plutôt sur les narrations gastronomiques dans ce roman représentant évidemment et parfaitement les fonctions culturelles de la gastronomie pour les Chinois, car cela nous permettra de comprendre mieux ce peuple, sa culture, le motivations derrière ses comportements, ainsi que sa pensée sur toutes les choses à travers des mets qu’il mangent. Pour cette raison, il est significatif qu’on fixe notre regard sur les fonctions culturelles de la gastronomie pour les Chinois à travers une œuvre importante pour l’histoire littéraire chinoise - Le Rêve Dans le Pavillon Rouge, et qui se situe au tournant de l’époque classique. Certes, la fonction culturelle de la nourriture chinoise représenté dans ce roman couvre des aspects riches et variés comme culinaire, esthétique, littéraire, diététique, etc., afin d’avoir une réflexion plus profonde, cette dissertation s’adonne qu’à une des couches de la fonction culturelle-perpétuer les rituels

Influences Philosophiques Principales sur la Conception Alimentaire Chinoise

Dans le monde occidental, surtout les pays qui sont réputés de leur culture et leur longue histoire gastronomiques, les lettrés ont beaucoup exploré sur le plaisir apporté par la gastronomie aux niveaux physiologique, comme Brillat-Savarin, et culturel, comme Grimot de la Reynière. Cependant, lorsque nous regardons une cuisine exotique qui s’appuie sur une base philosophique entièrement différée de celle de l’Occident, parfois cette cuisine peut se présenter d’une manière incompréhensible et même absurde. Les experts de la culture gastronomique orientale comme Françoise Sabban ont bien présenté l’histoire en racontant les us et coutumes alimentaires chinois, il nous manque néanmoins une compréhension pour les motivations derrière des plats. La cuisine chinoise enracinée dans le terrain de la Chine depuis cinq mille ans restent toujours mystérieuse et étrange pour l’Occident. Le but de ce mémoire, en retournant jusqu’au début de l’histoire alimentaire, est de comprendre les pensées qui ont établi et formé le principe culinaire en Chine

A discipline-wide investigation of the replicability of Psychology papers over the past two decades

Conjecture about the weak replicability in social sciences has made scholars eager to quantify the scale and scope of replication failure for a discipline. Yet small-scale manual replication methods alone are ill-suited to deal with this big data problem. Here, we conduct a discipline-wide replication census in science. Our sample (N = 14,126 papers) covers nearly all papers published in the six top-tier Psychology journals over the past 20 y. Using a validated machine learning model that estimates a paper's likelihood of replication, we found evidence that both supports and refutes speculations drawn from a relatively small sample of manual replications. First, we find that a single overall replication rate of Psychology poorly captures the varying degree of replicability among subfields. Second, we find that replication rates are strongly correlated with research methods in all subfields. Experiments replicate at a significantly lower rate than do non-experimental studies. Third, we find that authors' cumulative publication number and citation impact are positively related to the likelihood of replication, while other proxies of research quality and rigor, such as an author's university prestige and a paper's citations, are unrelated to replicability. Finally, contrary to the ideal that media attention should cover replicable research, we find that media attention is positively related to the likelihood of replication failure. Our assessments of the scale and scope of replicability are important next steps toward broadly resolving issues of replicability

On wealth and the diversity of friendships: High social class people around the world have fewer international friends

This is the final published version. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.040Having international social ties carries many potential advantages, including access to novel ideas and greater commercial opportunities. Yet little is known about who forms more international friendships. Here, we propose social class plays a key role in determining people’s internationalism. We conducted two studies to test whether social class is related positively to internationalism (the building social class hypothesis) or negatively to internationalism (the restricting social class hypothesis). In Study 1, we found that among individuals in the United States, social class was negatively related to percentage of friends on Facebook that are outside the United States. In Study 2, we extended these findings to the global level by analyzing country-level data on Facebook friends formed in 2011 (nearly 50 billion friendships) across 187 countries. We found that people from higher social class countries (as indexed by GDP per capita) had lower levels of internationalism—that is, they made more friendships domestically than abroad

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Fracture control of small diameter gas pipelines

The current research focuses on two problems: 1) How to improve brittle fracture propagation control for small diameter gas pipelines by investigating the difficulties or dilemmas encountered with DWTT; 2) How to improve the arrest toughness prediction for ductile fracture control of small diameter gas pipelines by investigating the Charpy specimen thickness effect on absorbed energy. Both experimental and numerical works are carried out to solve the current dilemma. Based on the investigation outcomes, recommendations on the improvement of current pipeline fracture control approaches are made to ensure a safe operation of the small diameter gas pipelines. The findings demonstrate that the Charpy test is no longer suitable for transition temperature prediction, especially in small-diameter, thin-walled pipes, where various sub-size Charpy specimens could create more uncertainties. DWTT is essential for predicting the transition temperatures of small-diameter line pipes. Flattened DWTT specimens with reinforcement plates successfully minimise buckling and deliver more accurate transition temperature predictions compared to the results of full-scale tests. A new method to determine the FPTT by starting the DWTT from lower shelf is also proposed which needs to be further validated. As for ductile propagation control, the linear CVN absorbed energy/thickness relationship is replaced by an exponential relationship to improve the BTCM predictions for hightoughness line pipe steels