Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critical airway interventional therapy: A review

IntroductionExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is widely used during refractory cardiac or respiratory failure, and some case reports described ECMO utilization in critical airway interventional therapy.MethodsEligible reports about patients receiving airway interventional therapy under ECMO were retrieved from Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases up to 1 August 2022.ResultsForty-eight publications including 107 patients who underwent ECMO for critical airway problems met the inclusion criteria. The critical airway problem that was reported the most was tumor-associated airway obstruction (n = 66, 61.7%). The second most reported etiology was postoperative airway collapse or stenosis (n = 19, 17.8%). The main interventional therapies applied were airway stent placement or removal (n = 61, 57.0%), mass removal (n = 22, 20.6%), and endotracheal intubation (n = 12, 11.2%) by bronchoscopy. The median ECMO duration was 39.5 hours. Eleven patients had ECMO-associated complications, including seven cases of airway hemorrhage, one case of arteriovenous fistula, one case of vein rupture and hematoma, one case of foot ischemia, and one case of neuropraxia of the cannulation site. In total, 91.6% of the patients survived and were discharged from the hospital.ConclusionECMO appears to be a viable form of life support for patients undergoing interventional therapy for critical airway problems

Optimal Sensor Location Design for Reliable Fault Detection in Presence of False Alarms

To improve fault detection reliability, sensor location should be designed according to an optimization criterion with constraints imposed by issues of detectability and identifiability. Reliability requires the minimization of undetectability and false alarm probability due to random factors on sensor readings, which is not only related with sensor readings but also affected by fault propagation. This paper introduces the reliability criteria expression based on the missed/false alarm probability of each sensor and system topology or connectivity derived from the directed graph. The algorithm for the optimization problem is presented as a heuristic procedure. Finally, a boiler system is illustrated using the proposed method

Raw rehmannia radix polysaccharide can effectively release peroxidative injury induced by duck hepatitis A virus

Background: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a fatal contagious infectious disease which spreads rapidly with high morbidity and high mortality, and there is no effective clinical drug against DVH.Materials and Methods: Raw Rehmannia Radix Polysaccharide (RRRP), Lycii Fructus polysaccharides and Astragalus Radix polysaccharides were experimented in vitro and in vivo. Mortality rate, livers change, liver lesion scoring, peroxidative injury evaluation indexes in vitro and in vivo, and hepatic injury evaluation indexes of optimal one were detected and observed in this experiment.Results: RRRP could reduce mortality with the protection rate about 20.0% compared with that of the viral control (VC) group, finding that RRRP was the most effective against DHAV. The average liver scoring of the VC, blank control (BC), RRRP groups were 3.5, 0, 2.1. Significant difference (P<0.05) appeared between any two groups, demonstrating that it can alleviate liver pathological change. RRRP could make the hepatic injury evaluation indexes similar to BC group while the levels of the VC group were higher than other two groups in general. The levels of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT of RRRP group showed significant higher than that of VC group while the levels of NOS and MDA showed the opposite tendency, thus, RRRP could release peroxidative injury.Conclusion: RRRP was the most effective against duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). RRRP could reduce mortality, alleviate liver pathological change, down-regulate liver lesion score, release peroxidative injury and hepatic injury. The antiviral and peroxidative injury releasing activity of RRRP for DHAV provided a platform to test novel drug strategies for hepatitis A virus in human beings.Keywords: Raw Rehmannia Radix Polysaccharide; duck hepatitis A virus; peroxidative injury; hepatic injur

Over-expression of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene in vitamin E pathway confers PEG-simulated drought tolerance in alfalfa

α-Tocopherol is one of the most important vitamin E components present in plant. α-Tocopherol is a potent antioxidant, which can deactivate photoproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent lipids from oxidation when plants suffer drought stress. γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) catalyzes the formation of α-tocopherol in the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway. Our previous studies showed that over-expression of γ-TMT gene can increase the accumulation of α-tocopherol in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). However, whether these transgenic plants confer increased drought tolerance and the underlying mechanism are still unknown.This work was financially supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-34), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872410), National Crop Germplasm Resources Center (NICGR-78), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIPIAS10)

Phosphorylation of Icariin Can Alleviate the Oxidative Stress Caused by the Duck Hepatitis Virus A through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Signaling Pathways

The duck virus hepatitis (DVH) caused by the duck hepatitis virus A (DHAV) has produced extensive economic losses to the duck industry. The currently licensed commercial vaccine has shown some defects and does not completely prevent the DVH. Accordingly, a new alternative treatment for this disease is urgently needed. Previous studies have shown that icariin (ICA) and its phosphorylated derivative (pICA) possessed good anti-DHAV effects through direct and indirect antiviral pathways, such as antioxidative stress. But the antioxidant activity showed some differences between ICA and pICA. The aim of this study is to prove that ICA and pICA attenuate oxidative stress caused by DHAV in vitro and in vivo, and to investigate their mechanism of action to explain their differences in antioxidant activities. In vivo, the dynamic deaths, oxidative evaluation indexes and hepatic pathological change scores were detected. When was added the hinokitiol which showed the pro-oxidative effect as an intervention method, pICA still possessed more treatment effect than ICA. The strong correlation between mortality and oxidative stress proves that ICA and pICA alleviate oxidative stress caused by DHAV. This was also demonstrated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an intervention method in vitro. pICA can be more effective than ICA to improve duck embryonic hepatocytes (DEHs) viability and reduce the virulence of DHAV. The strong correlation between TCID50 and oxidative stress demonstrates that ICA and pICA can achieve anti-DHAV effects by inhibiting oxidative stress. In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of ICA and pICA showed significant difference. pICA could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of p38, extra cellular signal regulated Kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which were related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. Ultimately, compared to ICA, pICA exhibited more antioxidant activity that could regulate oxidative stress-related indicators, and inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs signaling pathway

RAW REHMANNIA RADIX POLYSACCHARIDE CAN EFFECTIVELY RELEASE PEROXIDATIVE INJURY INDUCED BY DUCK HEPATITIS A VIRUS

Background: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a fatal contagious infectious disease which spreads rapidly with high morbidity and high mortality, and there is no effective clinical drug against DVH. Materials and Methods: Raw Rehmannia Radix Polysaccharide (RRRP), Lycii Fructus polysaccharides and Astragalus Radix polysaccharides were experimented in vitro and in vivo. Mortality rate, livers change, liver lesion scoring, peroxidative injury evaluation indexes in vitro and in vivo, and hepatic injury evaluation indexes of optimal one were detected and observed in this experiment. Results: RRRP could reduce mortality with the protection rate about 20.0% compared with that of the viral control (VC) group, finding that RRRP was the most effective against DHAV. The average liver scoring of the VC, blank control (BC), RRRP groups were 3.5, 0, 2.1. Significant difference (

KRYLOV SUBSPACE ACCELERATION OF WAVEFORM RELAXATION ∗

Abstract. In this paper we describe and analyze Krylov subspace techniques for accelerating the convergence of waveform relaxation for solving time-dependent problems. A new class of accelerated waveform methods, convolution Krylov subspace methods, is presented. In particular, we give convolution variants of the CG algorithm and the GMRES algorithm and analyze their convergence behavior. We prove that the convolution Krylov subspace algorithms for initial value problems have the same convergence bounds as their linear algebra counterparts. Analytical examples are given to illustrate the operation of convolution Krylov subspace methods. Experimental results are presented which show the convergence behavior of traditional and convolution waveform methods applied to solving a linear initial value problem as well as the convergence behavior of static Krylov subspace methods applied to solving the associated linear algebraic equation

MAC-Layer QoS Management for Streaming Rate-Adaptive VBR Video over IEEE 802.11e HCCA WLANs

With the increasing popularity of using WLANs for Internet access, the HCCA mechanism in IEEE 802.11e WLANs has received much more attention due to its efficiency in handling time-bounded multimedia traffic. To achieve high network utilization and good end-to-end QoS in the scenario of VBR video over HCCA is a very challenging task because of the dynamics coming from both the network conditions and the video content. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer framework for efficiently delivering multiclass rate-adaptive VBR video over HCCA. The proposed framework consists of three major modules: the MAC-layer admission control, the MAC-layer resource allocation, and the application-layer video adaptation. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of each individual module and the advantage of dynamic interactions among different modules