416 research outputs found
CK1Ī± protects cardiomyocytes in sepsis-induced myocardial depression by repressing the interaction of ATG5 with myD88/NF-kappaB signaling
Purpose: To explore the effects of casein kinase 1Ī± (CK1Ī±) on cardiomyocytes in sepsis-induced myocardial depression.Methods: Colorectal ligation puncture (CLP) surgery was performed for the establishment of the mouse model. Total RNAs of the lungs, kidneys, liver tissues and alveolar macrophages were extracted using TRIzolā¢ reagent, while gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) following reverse transcription. Western blot was employed to evaluate protein expression, and echocardiography was conducted to assess cardiac function. Immunofluorescent assay was performed to determine the expression of p-FOXO3a in primary cardiomyocytes.Results: Inhibition of CK1Ī± impaired autophagy influx, and significantly increased inflammatory cytokines in H9C2 cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, aberrant activation of the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myD88/NF-kappaB pathway was observed in the H9C2 cell line after LPS treatment (p < 0.05). Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an interaction between MyD88 and autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), and cardiac dysfunction in mice intravenously injectedwith an adenoviral vector containing shRNA (casein kinase 1 Ī±) CSNK1A1 was suppressed (p < 0.05). In contrast, overexpression of CK1Ī± remarkably improved cardiac systolic function (p < 0.05), the expression of inflammatory cytokines was repressed, and autophagy was enhanced in the hearts of mice with the specific overexpression of CSNK1A1 in cardiomyocytes (p < 0.05). In Atg5-deficient mice pretreated with DC661, the protective effect of adenoviral vector containing CK1Ī± overexpression was eliminated.Conclusion: CK1Ī± protects cardiomyocytes during sepsis after the inhibition of TLR/MyD88/NF-kappaBpathway via interaction of Atg5 with MyD88. The results of the current study may provide new insights into the treatment of sepsis-induced myocardial depression
Effects of preheating temperatures on the formation of sandwich compression and density distribution in the compressed wood
A study of the HI gas fractions of galaxies at z ~ 1
Due to the fact that HI mass measurements are not available for large galaxy
samples at high redshifts, we apply a photometric estimator of the
HI-to-stellar mass ratio (M_HI/M_*) calibrated using a local Universe sample of
galaxies to a sample of galaxies at z ~ 1 in the DEEP2 survey. We use these HI
mass estimates to calculate HI mass functions (HIMFs) and cosmic HI mass
densities (Omega_HI), and to examine the correlation between star formation
rate and HI gas content, for galaxies at z ~ 1. We have estimated HI gas masses
for ~ 7,000 galaxies in the DEEP2 survey with redshifts in the range 0.75 < z <
1.4 and stellar masses M_* > 10^{10} M_solar, using a combination of the
rest-frame ultraviolet-optical colour (NUV - r) and stellar mass density (mu_*)
as a way to estimate M_HI/M_*. It is found that the high mass end of high-z HI
mass function (HIMF) is quite similar to that of the local HIMF. The lower
limit of Omega_HI,limit = 2.1 * 10^{-4} h_70^{-1}, obtained by directly
integrating the HI mass of galaxies with M_* > 10^{10} M_solar, confirms that
massive star-forming galaxies do not dominate the neutral gas at z ~ 1. We
study the evolution of the HI mass to stellar mass ratio from z ~ 1 to today
and find a steeper relation between HI gas mass fraction and stellar mass at
higher redshifts. Specifically, galaxies with M_* = 10^{11} M_solar at z ~ 1
are found to have 3 - 4 times higher neutral gas fractions than local galaxies,
while the increase is as high as 4 - 12 times at M_* = 10^{10} M_solar. The
quantity M_HI/SFR exhibits very large scatter, and the scatter increases from a
factor of 5 - 7 at z = 0 to factors close to a hundred at z = 1. This implies
that there is no relation between HI gas and star formation in high redshift
galaxies. The HI gas must be linked to cosmological gas accretion processes at
high redshifts.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, A&A accepte
Analysis of influential factors for the relationship between PM_(2.5) and AOD in Beijing
The relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and PM_(2.5) is often investigated in order to obtain surface PM_(2.5) from satellite observation of AOD with a broad area coverage. However, various factors could affect the AODāPM_(2.5) regressions. Using both ground and satellite observations in Beijing from 2011 to 2015, this study analyzes the influential factors including the aerosol type, relative humidity (RH), planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), wind speed and direction, and the vertical structure of aerosol distribution. The ratio of PM_(2.5) to AOD, which is defined as Ī·, and the square of their correlation coefficient (R^2) have been examined. It shows that Ī· varies from 54.32 to 183.14, 87.32 to 104.79, 95.13 to 163.52, and 1.23 to 235.08āÆĀµgāÆm^(ā3) with aerosol type in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. Ī· is smaller for scattering-dominant aerosols than for absorbing-dominant aerosols, and smaller for coarse-mode aerosols than for fine-mode aerosols. Both RH and PBLH affect the Ī· value significantly. The higher the RH, the smaller the Ī·, and the higher the PBLH, the smaller the Ī·. For AOD and PM2.5 data with the correction of RH and PBLH compared to those without, R^2 of monthly averaged PM_(2.5) and AOD at 14:00āÆLT increases from 0.63 to 0.76, and R^2 of multi-year averaged PM_(2.5) and AOD by time of day increases from 0.01 to 0.93, 0.24 to 0.84, 0.85 to 0.91, and 0.84 to 0.93 in four seasons respectively. Wind direction is a key factor for the transport and spatialātemporal distribution of aerosols originated from different sources with distinctive physicochemical characteristics. Similar to the variation in AOD and PM_(2.5), Ī· also decreases with the increasing surface wind speed, indicating that the contribution of surface PM_(2.5) concentrations to AOD decreases with surface wind speed. The vertical structure of aerosol exhibits a remarkable change with seasons, with most particles concentrated within about 500āÆm in summer and within 150āÆm in winter. Compared to the AOD of the whole atmosphere, AOD below 500āÆm has a better correlation with PM_(2.5), for which R^2 is 0.77. This study suggests that all the above influential factors should be considered when we investigate the AODāPM_(2.5) relationships
Genome-wide characterization and expression of two-component system genes in cytokinin-regulated gall formation in Zizania latifolia
The thickening of Zizania latifolia shoots, referred to as gall formation, depends on infection with the fungal endophyte Ustilago esculenta. The swollen and juicy shoots are a popular vegetable in Asia. A key role for cytokinin action in this process was postulated. Here, trans-zeatin stimulated swelling in fungi-infected Z. latifolia. A two-component system (TCS) linked cytokinin binding to receptors with transcriptional regulation in the nucleus and played important roles in diverse biological processes. We characterized 69 TCS genes encoding for 25 histidine kinase/histidine-kinase-like (HK(L)) (21 HKs and 4 HKLs), 8 histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HP) (5 authentic and 3 pseudo), and 36 response regulators (RR; 14 type A, 14 type B, 2 type C, and 6 pseudo) in the genome of Z. latifolia. These TCS genes have a close phylogenetic relationship with their rice counterparts. Nineteen duplicated TCS gene pairs were found and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations indicated that a strong purifying selection acted on these duplicated genes, leading to few mutations during evolution. Finally, ZlCHK1, ZlRRA5, ZIRRA9, ZlRRA10, ZlPRR1, and ZlPHYA expression was associated with gall formation. Among them, ARR5, ARR9, and ZlPHYA are quickly induced by trans-zeatin, suggesting a role for cytokinin signaling in shoot swelling of Z. latifolia.
Keywords: two-component system; Z. latifolia; shoot swelling; cytokinin signal
Characteristics of CD8+ T cell subsets in Chinese patients with chronic HIV infection during initial ART
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>CD8+ T cells may play an important role in protecting against HIV. However, the changes of CD8+ T cell subsets during early period of ART have not been fully studied.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-one asymptomatic treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4 T+ cells less than 350 cells/Ī¼l were enrolled in the study. NaĆÆve, central memory(CM), effective memory(EM) and terminally differentiated effector (EMRA) CD8+ cell subsets and their activation and proliferation subsets were evaluated in blood samples collected at base line, and week 2, 4, 8 and 12 of ART.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The total CD8+ T cells declined and the NaĆÆve and CM subsets had a tendency of increase. Activation levels of all CD8+ T cell subsets except EMRA subset decreased after ART. However, proliferation levels of total CD8+ T cells, EMRA, EM and CM subsets increased at the first 4 weeks of ART, then decreased. Proliferation level of the naĆÆve cells decreased after ART.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The changes of CD8+ T cell subsets during initial ART are complex. Our results display a complete phenotypical picture of CD8+ cell subsets during initial ART and provide insights for understanding of immune status during ART.</p
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