299 research outputs found
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Design of a High Temperature Workstation for the Selective Laser Sintering Process
Mechanical Engineerin
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An Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Bronze-NI Composites Produced by Selective Laser Sintering
Mechanical properties of Bronze-Nickel composites produced by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
were evaluated by constant displacement tension tests. These were studied as a function of SLS
process parameters - laser power density, scan speed, scan spacing, scan direction and layer
thickness. The strength data was then correlated to the microstructure and the part bulk density. To
further enhance the part densities and the mechanical properties, post-SLS sintering was studied.
The relationships between SLS process parameters, post-SLS sintering parameters and the
resulting microstructures, part bulk density and the mechanical properties will be described.Mechanical Engineerin
Irreversible transformation of ferromagnetic ordered stripe domains in single-shot IR pump - resonant X-ray scattering probe experiments
The evolution of a magnetic domain structure upon excitation by an intense,
femtosecond Infra-Red (IR) laser pulse has been investigated using single-shot
based time-resolved resonant X-ray scattering at the X-ray Free Electron laser
LCLS. A well-ordered stripe domain pattern as present in a thin CoPd alloy film
has been used as prototype magnetic domain structure for this study. The
fluence of the IR laser pump pulse was sufficient to lead to an almost complete
quenching of the magnetization within the ultrafast demagnetization process
taking place within the first few hundreds of femtoseconds following the IR
laser pump pulse excitation. On longer time scales this excitation gave rise to
subsequent irreversible transformations of the magnetic domain structure. Under
our specific experimental conditions, it took about 2 nanoseconds before the
magnetization started to recover. After about 5 nanoseconds the previously
ordered stripe domain structure had evolved into a disordered labyrinth domain
structure. Surprisingly, we observe after about 7 nanoseconds the occurrence of
a partially ordered stripe domain structure reoriented into a novel direction.
It is this domain structure in which the sample's magnetization stabilizes as
revealed by scattering patterns recorded long after the initial pump-probe
cycle. Using micro-magnetic simulations we can explain this observation based
on changes of the magnetic anisotropy going along with heat dissipation in the
film.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Extracellular vesicles: pathogenic messengers and potential therapy for neonatal lung diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of nano-sized membranous structures increasingly recognized as mediators of intercellular and inter-organ communication. EVs contain a cargo of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and their cargo composition is highly dependent on the biological function of the parental cells. Their cargo is protected from the extracellular environment by the phospholipid membrane, thus allowing for safe transport and delivery of their intact cargo to nearby or distant target cells, resulting in modification of the target cell's gene expression, signaling pathways and overall function. The highly selective, sophisticated network through which EVs facilitate cell signaling and modulate cellular processes make studying EVs a major focus of interest in understanding various biological functions and mechanisms of disease. Tracheal aspirate EV-miRNA profiling has been suggested as a potential biomarker for respiratory outcome in preterm infants and there is strong preclinical evidence showing that EVs released from stem cells protect the developing lung from the deleterious effects of hyperoxia and infection. This article will review the role of EVs as pathogenic messengers, biomarkers, and potential therapies for neonatal lung diseases
Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future
Large AI models, or foundation models, are models recently emerging with
massive scales both parameter-wise and data-wise, the magnitudes of which can
reach beyond billions. Once pretrained, large AI models demonstrate impressive
performance in various downstream tasks. A prime example is ChatGPT, whose
capability has compelled people's imagination about the far-reaching influence
that large AI models can have and their potential to transform different
domains of our lives. In health informatics, the advent of large AI models has
brought new paradigms for the design of methodologies. The scale of multi-modal
data in the biomedical and health domain has been ever-expanding especially
since the community embraced the era of deep learning, which provides the
ground to develop, validate, and advance large AI models for breakthroughs in
health-related areas. This article presents a comprehensive review of large AI
models, from background to their applications. We identify seven key sectors in
which large AI models are applicable and might have substantial influence,
including 1) bioinformatics; 2) medical diagnosis; 3) medical imaging; 4)
medical informatics; 5) medical education; 6) public health; and 7) medical
robotics. We examine their challenges, followed by a critical discussion about
potential future directions and pitfalls of large AI models in transforming the
field of health informatics.Comment: This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Journal of
Biomedical and Health Informatic
Ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke risk estimation using a machine-learning-based retinal image analysis
BackgroundStroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, causing a considerable disease burden. Ischemic stroke is more frequent, but haemorrhagic stroke is responsible for more deaths. The clinical management and treatment are different, and it is advantageous to classify their risk as early as possible for disease prevention. Furthermore, retinal characteristics have been associated with stroke and can be used for stroke risk estimation. This study investigated machine learning approaches to retinal images for risk estimation and classification of ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke.Study designA case-control study was conducted in the Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital. According to the computerized tomography scan (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results, stroke patients were classified as either ischemic or hemorrhage stroke. In addition, a control group was formed using non-stroke patients from the hospital and healthy individuals from the community. Baseline demographic and medical information was collected from participants' hospital medical records. Retinal images of both eyes of each participant were taken within 2 weeks of admission. Classification models using a machine-learning approach were developed. A 10-fold cross-validation method was used to validate the results.Results711 patients were included, with 145 ischemic stroke patients, 86 haemorrhagic stroke patients, and 480 controls. Based on 10-fold cross-validation, the ischemic stroke risk estimation has a sensitivity and a specificity of 91.0% and 94.8%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for ischemic stroke is 0.929 (95% CI 0.900 to 0.958). The haemorrhagic stroke risk estimation has a sensitivity and a specificity of 93.0% and 97.1%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve is 0.951 (95% CI 0.918 to 0.983).ConclusionA fast and fully automatic method can be used for stroke subtype risk assessment and classification based on fundus photographs alone
Evaluation of Precision Livestock Technology and Human Scoring of Nursery Pigs in a Controlled Immune Challenge Experiment
The objectives were to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of a visual-based precision livestock technology (NUtrack), and determine the sensitivity and specificity of sickness score data collected with the live observation by trained human observers. At weaning, pigs (n = 192; gilts and barrows) were randomly assigned to one of twelve pens (16/pen) and treatments were randomly assigned to pens. Sham-pen pigs all received subcutaneous saline (3 mL). For LPS-pen pigs, all pigs received subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 300 µg/kg BW; E. coli O111:B4; in 3 mL of saline). For the last treatment, eight pigs were randomly assigned to receive LPS, and the other eight were sham (same methods as above; half-and-half pens). Human data from the day of the challenge presented high true positive and low false positive rates (88.5% sensitivity; 85.4% specificity; 0.871 Area Under Curve, AUC), however, these values declined when half-and-half pigs were scored (75% sensitivity; 65.5% specificity; 0.703 AUC). Precision technology measures had excellent AUC, sensitivity, and specificity for the first 72 h after treatment and AUC values were \u3e0.970, regardless of pen treatment. These results indicate that precision technology has a greater potential for identifying pigs during a natural infectious disease event than trained professionals using timepoint sampling
Shedding New Light on Weak Emission-Line Quasars in the C-H Parameter Space
Weak emission-line quasars (WLQs) are a subset of Type 1 quasars that exhibit
extremely weak LyN V 1240 and/or C IV 1549 emission
lines. We investigate the relationship between emission-line properties and
accretion rate for a sample of 230 `ordinary' Type 1 quasars and 18 WLQs at and that have rest-frame ultraviolet and optical
spectral measurements. We apply a correction to the H-based black-hole
mass () estimates of these quasars using the strength of the
optical Fe II emission. We confirm previous findings that WLQs'
values are overestimated by up to an order of magnitude using the traditional
broad emission-line region size-luminosity relation. With this
correction, we find a significant correlation between H-based Eddington
luminosity ratios and a combination of the rest-frame C IV equivalent width and
C IV blueshift with respect to the systemic redshift. This correlation holds
for both ordinary quasars and WLQs, which suggests that the two-dimensional C
IV parameter space can serve as an indicator of accretion rate in all Type 1
quasars across a wide range of spectral properties.Comment: 17 pages (AASTeX 6.3.1), 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
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