The Jain Prakrit Origin of the Vetāla

In the absence of any other plausible etymology, there is thus reason to believe that the Vaitālīya metre takes its name from the subject-matter of its most important attestation in Jain literature, i.e., the destruction (vidāraṇa) of Karma. It is precisely in Jain Prakrit that we find, coupled with vestiges of Magadhi -l- for -r-, an orthographic -t- replacing -d- and the other lost intervocalic stop consonants. Appropriately, the early canonical text Uttarajjhāyā 20, v. 44, presents the veyāla as a purely destructive demon, murderous if not exorcised (avipanna)

A Disputed Item in the Citta-Saṃbhūijja (Uttarajjhāyā 13)

The dialogue between the brothers Citta and Saṃbhūta in the Buddhist and Jain canons (Jātaka 498 and canto 13 of Uttarajjhāyā,) has been presented, apparently definitively, by Ernst Leumann as an episode extracted from a pre-existing corpus of Brahmadatta legends. The notion of such a source extraneous to the texts in question has opened the way to a difference of opinion as to who speaks first in the Triṣṭubh dialogue. Indian tradition and Hermann Jacobi’s translation assign the initial Triṣṭubh verse to Citta, but then have some difficulty in making sense of the wording. Leumann, followed by Ludwig Alsdorf, assigned it to Saṃbhūta, incarnate as King Brahmadatta. It seems, however, possible to resolve the discrepancy in favour of the tradition

Maximizing capacity of underground mine water chilling machines rejecting heat into a limited supply of water pumped to surface

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2016Underground chilling installations have an important role in deep mining operations because the total cost of cooling a mine is minimized when underground machines deliver as high a proportion of the required cooling as practicable. Thus the refrigerating load of an underground installation should be maximized to the extent permitted both by the environment in which the installation operates, and by the physical characteristics of the machines in the installation. This study analyses how, and to what extent, the refrigerating load of older, already installed water chilling machines rejecting heat into a limited supply of return water may be maximized through configuration of their water circuits and capacity control of their compressors. Multiple-machine installations are simulated in a range of scenarios, using the thermodynamically efficient series-counterflow arrangement, to predict both the potential maximum refrigerating load and the expected refrigerating load of such installations. The simulation results indicate significant potential for installations to chill water more efficiently and thus deliver larger, maximized, refrigerating loads. For scenarios where a larger-than-design flowrate of return water is available, so permitting machines to be operated with little or no capacity control, the simulated chilling efficiency and thus the expected refrigerating loads tend toward, and in some cases almost match, the potential maximum values. For simulations in which compressor capacity control is used to prevent the return water temperature from exceeding its maximum permitted value, expected refrigerating loads fall short of their potential values, by varying amounts, due to the low machine cycle efficiency caused largely by reduced compressor isentropic efficiency at part load. For a limited supply of return water for heat rejection, the simulations indicate that load maximization efforts should focus on the machines in an installation being connected in a series-counterflow arrangement and operated, as far as practicable, at or near full capacity to create the best prospect for approaching potential maximum refrigerating load

Letter from Clifford Wright to Hubert Creekmore

Wright writes from the Yaddo artists colony in Saratoga Springs, New York, to Creekmore in Jackson, Mississippi, regarding news about Dexter and Howard. Includes envelope. More about Clifford Wright: http://arslonga.dk/clifford_wright.htm.https://egrove.olemiss.edu/creekmore/1214/thumbnail.jp

Moving Beyond Race, Gender, and Education: Exploring the Relationship Between Disability, Depressive Symptoms and Long-term Financial Outcomes

Data on poverty status reveals that there is a distinct sub-population of individuals who are at a significantly greater risk of being chronically poor. Although many researchers have examined the demographic characteristics of individuals who are the most likely to be persistently poor, the emphasis has been on race, sex, and education. Little attention has been paid to the role that disability might play in long-term poverty. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to utilize longitudinal Add Health data in order to explore whether or not the presence of a disability might also affect an individual’s likelihood of experiencing financial hardship. We find that in addition to race, gender, and education, individuals with a disability are at greater risk of being poor than their counterparts without disabilities. Overall, having a mental health, physical, or learning disability in childhood or adolescence was associated with straitened socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood

Partisanship now trumps political parties’ ownership of issues among voters, except among independents

Throughout recent US political history, certain issues have been considered to be “owned” by either party, such as national defense for the Republican Party and healthcare and the environment for the Democratic Party. But what does the rise of partisan polarization mean for the importance of issue ownership by the parties? In new survey research, Jamie M. Wright, Scott Clifford and Elizabeth N. Simas find that partisanship now means that highlighting a party’s ownership of an issue is only meaningful to independent voters, with partisans already viewing their party of choice as being more competent on these issues