Child Work or Child Labour? The Caddie Question in Edwardian Golf

Introduction: Child labour in sport is often regarded as a relatively modern phenomenon, usually with exploitative implications, involving third-world workers producing sporting goods, the abused bodies of communist bloc girl gymnasts, and teenage African footballers discarded when they failed to make the grade in Europe. Although historical examples are Idrottsforumabsent from the academic literature, there are late nineteenth and early twentieth-century instances in Britain in the use of boy jockeys in horseracing and, the subject of this chapter, the child caddie in golf. For the purposes of this chapter children are considered to be young persons under the age of sixteen, the line generally taken by golf clubs. Hence the discussion of child caddies is not confined to those still at school but also includes school leavers, many of whom could be as young as twelve

Empiricist versus sociological history: some comments on the ‘civilizing process’

This paper makes a further contribution to the debate in this journal between Tony Collins and disciples of the theory of the ‘civilizing process’, but this time with reference solely to cricket, a sport ignored by Graham Curry, Eric Dunning and Kenneth Sheard in their reply to Collins.[2] Moreover, whereas Collins focuses his criticisms on the historical method and the associated problems of hindsight, progress and perspective, this paper will concentrate on the use of historical evidence

The Rough and the Fairway: Processes and Problems in Ryder Cup Team Selection 1927-2006

Introduction Competed for by European and American golfers, the Ryder Cup is unusual in professional sport as the participants play without financial reward using a team format in a game normally associated at the their level with individual rivalry. This paper will outline the history of the competition, examine implications of the selection policies and procedures and discuss the issue of identity, particularly when the non-American opposition switched from being British to European. It will also add to the relatively sparse coverage of golf in academic literature. What has been written has focused on the gender divide, the economics of the sport and, more recently, the environment. The Ryder Cup itself, whilst the subject of several popular works, has had only one academic article devoted to it on this side of the Atlantic

Captains Courageous: Gentlemen Riders in British Horseracing 1866-1914

Gentlemen riders played a significant role in British horse racing before 1914, particularly in National Hunt, where higher weights and less stringent legislation encouraged greater participation than on the flat. Men from the hunting field and the military took their skills and courage to the racecourse and often competed successfully against professional riders. However, racing's intimate association prevented an amateur ethos from emerging and too many gentlemen riders were guilty of dubious practices. National Hunt racing was a sport in which shamateurism developed on a considerable scale, with supposedly amateur jockeys making money from the sport

"REMEMBERING US YEAR AFTER YEAR": THE GLASGOW CHARITY CUP 1876-1966

Abstract: Before the First World War Glasgow was the football capital of the world and also the most extensively municipalized city in Britain. Civic pride and enthusiasm for football came together in the promotion of the Glasgow Charity Cup. First played for in 1875, it was the major charity football competition in Britain for almost 90 years, raising the modern equivalent of nearly £11 million. This article will outline the history of the rise and eventual decline of the Glasgow Charity Cup and examine how the organisation of the competition and the disbursement of its revenues were influenced by developments within football and changes in social welfare.Keywords: charity, entertainment tax, fans, football, Glasgow, philanthropy, professional sport, Scotland, social welfare "LEMBRANDO-SE DE NÓS ANO APÓS ANO": A GLASGOW CHARITY CUP 1876-1966Resumo: Antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, Glasgow era a capital mundial do futebol, assim com a cidade mais extensamente municipalizada na Grã-Bretanha. Orgulho cívico e entusiasmo pelo futebol andavam juntos na promoção da Glasgow Charity Cup (opa Beneficente de Glasgow). Disputada inicialmente em 1875, foi a maior competição beneficente de futebol na Grã-Bretanha por quase 90 anos, arrecadando o equivalente a quase 11 milhões de libras. Esse artigo pretende traçar a história da ascensão e da queda da Glasgow Charity Cup e examinar como a organização da competição e os destinos de sua arrecadação foram influenciados pelo desenvolvimento do futebol e por mudanças nas conquistas sociais.Palavras-Chave: caridade, impostos de entretenimento, torcedores, futebol, Glasgow, filantropia, esporte profissional, Escócia, bem-estar socia

Products, training, and technology

This is an accepted manuscript of a book chapter published by Bloomsbury in A Cultural History of Sport: Volume 6: A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age on 28/01/2021. The published version can be accessed here: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/a-cultural-history-of-sport-9781350024106/ The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.Sports products can be divided into three major categories. First, spectator products, which are sold either at the sites of events or mediated electronically and made globally available by satellite technology. Secondly, player products which may include games, equipment and costume, instruction and assistance, facilities, clubs, and training. Thirdly, associated products which are goods and services which have been allied with sport in some way, but which are not really necessary to the playing or watching of sport, though they can heighten the enjoyment (Vamplew 2018). These might include a varied range of products which stand alone, but are integral to experiential enjoyment, such as music, food and drink, social media, mainstream media, merchandise, and different spectator experiences (including VIP boxes and special areas with enhanced hospitality) and so forth. As will be shown below, technology had a significant role in developments within all these categories All sports products can be affected also by cultural values through the beliefs, attitudes, and emotions of both producers and consumers. While income, wealth, and prices clearly have a major role in the marketing of sport, as with any other visitor attraction experience, culture also influences the taste demand. Tastes can vary across individuals who maybe like to experience “value for money” or a “grand day out” and are also affected by class, gender, and nationality. Tastes can also be influenced by opinion-makers including entrepreneurs and commercial advertisers, or dictated by law, as the “safe standing” movement in Britain at association football grounds indicates. This chapter, though far from comprehensive, explores some of these cultural issues in an introductory overview

A geographical study of Scottish sport

The thesis identifies a lack of research in the general subject area of sports geography and in particular Scottish sports geography. A new conceptual framework for the analysis of the geography of sport is developed from an extensive review of the literature. This framework is then used to illustrate three case studies of the sports landscape in Scotland at three geographical scales. Case study one considers a national sport and traces curling, from its origin to the international Olympic sport it is today, through time and the geographical concepts of space, place, and environment. The sport of curling is shown to be a distinctively Scottish despite influences of modernisation and internationalisation. At the regional scale, case study two identifies two key sporting attributes. Recent survey data are used to highlight regional variations in sports club membership and volunteering in sport. For example the highest rate of sports volunteering in the population is found in the north of Scotland, while the biggest contribution to the sport volunteer workforce comes from large urban towns nearer the central belt. Finally case study three examines a local sportscape. Factors relating to the local population and to the individuals within the sportscape are combined to propose a model for the analysis of sports places. Each case study has added to the knowledge of sports geography in Scotland, however the real benefit of the thesis is to the overall understanding of sports geographical analysis. A new conceptual framework has been developed for the geographical analysis of sport and this has been applied to three case studies to illustrate its efficacy. This is a first Geography of Sport in Scotland.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Women In the weighing room: gender discrimination on the thoroughbred racetrack

Women jockeys are a small minority on the thoroughbred racetrack and securesignificantly fewer racing mounts than their male counterparts. This suggests female jockeys are facing discriminatory barriers, in one of the only major professional sportswhere men and women compete against each other on equal terms. This exploratorystudy considers discriminatory barriers that exist and the effects they have on women’scomparative profile and participation in the flat racing industry. Six participants wererecruited for the study from different areas within the industry, and with at least threeyears experience. Information was derived from semi structured individual interviews. The data was analysed using discourse analysis techniques. Five main themes wereevident: a culture of sexism, including the sense that women are more nurturing;opportunities, including for women to become trainers; body shape and strength; riskand danger; industry fashion and trends. The results from this study suggest women face discrimination in horseracing onaccount of a number of factors, the three main perceived reasons are due to theirphysical strength, body shape and the tradition and history embedded within theindustry. Whilst there is a shift starting to occur where more women are coming throughin flat racing, this is slow. Participants consider that women may find these barriers andperceptions held by others difficult to overcome, which may result in their inability toachieve equality in this sport. Given the exploratory character of the study, conclusionsare tentative and we propose a number of areas for further research

Playing with the Rules: Influences on the Development of Regulation in Sport

Sport today is a rule-governed practice: constitutive rules, both prescriptive and proscriptive, define required equipment and facilities as well as setting the formal rules of play; auxiliary rules specify and control eligibility: and regulatory rules place restraints on behaviour independent of the sport itself. This article offers a broad sweep examination of the historical process of rule development in sport including an assessment of the influence over time of gambling, fair play ideology, economic pressures, technological developments and legal intervention. En route a seven-stage scheme of constitutive rule development is postulated which it is hoped will set a research agenda for sports historians to test with case studies of particular sports

Beyond altruism: British football and charity, 1877-1914

Football charity matches and tournaments played a significant part in the development of the sport in Britain, overlapping the era of friendly games and the advent of competitive leagues. The football community prided itself on its contributions to charity, raising more money than any other sport before 1914, and stakeholders within the game – associations, clubs, players and patrons – gained considerable kudos for this perceived altruism. However, this paper will demonstrate that amounts donated, though welcome, were relatively minor sources of revenue for both institutions and individuals, and that the charity match became less important to clubs in a professional, and increasingly commercial, era