Leraren opleiden in 2030: beleidsadviezen

status: publishe

IFN-gamma stimulates CpG-induced IL-10 production in Bcells via p38 and JNK signalling pathways

The production of IL-10, a potent immunosuppressive cytokine, must be strictly regulated to ensure a balanced immune response. IFN-γ, a key cytokine in multiple immune processes and pathologies, is known as an inhibitor of IL-10 production by monocytes and macrophages, but also has some regulatory functions. In the present study, we explored the role of IFN-γ on Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced IL-10 production in murine peritoneal and spleen cells and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IFN-γ inhibited IL-10 production induced by TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists, but stimulated IL-10 production when cells were triggered with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, a specific TLR9 agonist. The stimulatory effect of IFN-γ on TLR9-induced IL-10 was restricted to B cells. In line with the increased IL-10, B cells stimulated with CpG and IFN-γ profoundly inhibited CD4 T cell proliferation. Further research into the mechanisms involved, revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK are essential players in this stimulatory effect, and that the phosphatase MKP1 - an inhibitor of p38 and JNK activity - is downregulated after combined stimulation with IFN-γ and CpG. Our data may represent a novel immunoregulatory role of IFN-γ in B cells after triggering of TLR9, by stimulating IL-10 production.status: publishe

Ten key short-term sectoral benchmarks to limit warming to 1.5º C

This article identifies and quantifies the 10 most important benchmarks for climate action to be taken by 2020–2025 to keep the window open for a 1.5°C-consistent GHG emission pathway. We conducted a comprehensive review of existing emissions scenarios, scanned all sectors and the respective necessary transitions, and distilled the most important short-term benchmarks for action in line with the long-term perspective of the required global low-carbon transition. Owing to the limited carbon budget, combined with the inertia of existing systems, global energy economic models find only limited pathways to stay on track for a 1.5°C world consistent with the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement