A review of angular leaf spot resistance in common bean.

Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by Pseudocer-cospora griseola, is one of the most devastating diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in tropical and subtropical production areas. Breeding for ALS resistance is difficult due to the extensive virulence diversity of P. griseolaand the recurrent appearance of new virulent races. Five major loci, Phg-1 to Phg-5, confer-ring ALS resistance have been named, and markers tightly linked to these loci have been reported. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have also been described, but the validation of some QTLs is still pending. The Phg-1, Phg-4, and Phg-5loci are from common bean cultivars of the Andean gene pool, whereas Phg-2 and Phg-3are from beans of the Mesoamerican gene pool. The reference genome of common bean and high-throughput sequencing technologies are enabling the development of molecular markers closely linked to the Phg loci, more accurate mapping of the resistance loci, and the compar-ison of their genomic positions. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of ALS resistance in common bean. Further-more, we are reporting three case studies of ALS resistance breeding in Latin America and Africa. This review will serve as a reference for future resistance mapping studies and as a guide for the selection of resistance loci in breeding programs aiming to develop common bean cultivars with durable ALS resistance

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGORA RABBIT FIBRE 1 - THE INFLUENCE OF FIBRE ORIGIN ON FIBRE AND MEDULLA DIAMETER IN ANGORA WOOL

[EN] The quality of Angora rabbit fibre is known to vary between the countries in which it is produced. A study was made to quantify various parameters of angora fibre quality, including fibre and medulla diameter, and the proportion of medullated fibres, in samples of angora wool obtained from Germany, France and China. The mean fibre diameter of the French angora fleeces (19.8 μm) is significantly higher than in German (12.8 μm) which is related to the higher proportion of coarser hairs in the pelage of French Angora rabbits. French Angora rabbits have a characteristic fleece structure. The down fibres (mean fibre diameter: 14.1 μm) are coarser than in German (12.4 μm) and Chinese (11.8 μm) wool and the degree of medullation in awns and bristles is lower compared to the German and Chinese samples. The characteristics of the German and Chinese Angora coats appear to be very similar. The highest proportion of medullated fibres is observed in the French angora wool (99.9 %). Values of 90.5 % and 96.8 % in the German and Chinese samples are obtained, respectively. The samples of Chinese angora fibre are found to have the highest medulla content (down: 39.2 %; awn: 52.2 %; bristle: 71.9 %). The French angora, in contras!, has a comparatively low medulla content (down: 36.7 %; awn: 29.7 %; bristle: 36.6 %). The medulla content of awns and bristles for German fibres are intermediate to the values obtained from the other samples; the medulla content in the down fibres is relatively low (down: 33.4 %; awn: 41.4 %; bristle: 52.5 %).[FR] La qualité du poi/ angora varíe se/on le pays oü elle est produite. Cette étude tend a définir divers paramétres de qualité des fibres - diamétre de la fibre et diametre médullaíre, quantité de fibres médullées - dans des échantillons provenant d'Allemagne, de France et de Chine. Le diamétre mayen du poi/ d'une toison d'Angora fram;ais (19.8 μm) est significativement plus é/evé que celuí d'une toison d'Angora allemand (12.8 μm) ceci résultant de la part plus importante de poi/ grossier contenu dans la toison fram¡aise. La structure de la toison d'Angora franc;ais est tres part1culiére : le duvet ( diamétre mayen de la fibre : 14.1μm) est plus grossier que chez l'allemand (12.4μm) ou Je chinois (11.8 μm) et le degré de médullation du duvet et des jarres est plus faible comparé aux échantillons a/lemands ou chinois. Les caractéristiques des fourrures allemandes et chinoises sont trés similaires. La plus forte proportion de fibres médul/ées est observée chez /'Angora franc;ais (99.9 %) ; les échantillons allemands et chinois atteignent respectivement 90. 5% et 96. 8%. Le contenu médullaire Je plus é/evé a été trouvé dans l'échantillon d'Angora chinois (duvet: 39.2%, barbes: 52.2%, jarre: 71.9%). Au contraire, /'Angora franc;ais a un contenu médullaire relativement faible (duvet: 36. 7%, barbe : 29. 7%, jarre : 36. 6%). Les va/eurs du contenu médullaire des barbes et des jarres des toisons allemandes sont intermédiaires (duvet 33.4%, valeur relativement faible ; barbe 41.4% ;jarre: 52.5%)Herrmann, S.; Wortmann, G.; Wortmann, F. (1996). CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGORA RABBIT FIBRE 1 - THE INFLUENCE OF FIBRE ORIGIN ON FIBRE AND MEDULLA DIAMETER IN ANGORA WOOL. World Rabbit Science. 04(3). doi:10.4995/wrs.1996.287SWORD04

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGORA RABBIT FIBRE 2 -THE INFLUENCE OF THE METHIONINE CONTENT IN FEED AND OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON FIBRE AND MEDULLA DIAMETER IN ANGORA WOOL

[EN] The influence of different environmental factors on !he Angora wool quality was determined whilst investigating the effect of the methionine content in feed and of the environmental temperature on fibre and medulla diameter. The supplementation of DL-methionine increases the mean fibre diameter of female Angora rabbits from 12.5 to 14.4 μm and that of males from 13.2 to 13.9 μm. lt is shown that females respond more (1.9 μm mean increase in fibre diameter) to methionine supplementation than males (0.7 μm increase). The response in medulla diameter is similar to that of the fibre diameter in females, i.e. medulla diameter increases (1 μm increase) when additional methionine is supplied. DL-methionine supplementation, however, was not observed to influence medulla diameter in males. Fibre and medulla diameter investigated in fleeces of castrates (14.3 μm and 5.8 μm) is equal to those of the females (14.4 μm and 5.8 μm) in the group offered the higher methionine diet. Fibre characteristics are also strongly influenced by climatic conditions. Raising the environmental temperature reduces fibre and medulla diameter in Angora rabbit fleeces. The highest fibre and medulla diameters was observed in animals maintained at a temperature of + 5 ºC (14.4 μm and 5.7 μm, respectively). Fibre and medulla diameters were reduced in animals kept at + 18 ºC (13.6 μm and 5.1 μm, respectively) and were finest at temperatures of + 30 ºC (13.0 μm and 4.7 μm, respectively).[FR] Aprés avoir défini l'influence de différents facteurs environnementaux sur la qua/ité du poi/ Angora on a recherché f'influence du taux de méthionine de l'aliment et de la température ambiante sur la fibre et le diamétre médullaire. La supp/émentation en DL-Méthionine (+0,3% a 0,4% de /'aliment) augmente le diamétre mayen du poi/ des tapines Angora de 12,5 814,4 μm et cetui du poi/ des mflles de 13,2 a 13,9 μm ce qui montre que les feme/les répondent mieux a la supp/émentation en méthionine (+1,9 μm en moyenne) que les mfJ/es (+ O, 7 μm en moyenne). Concemant le diamétre médullaire, la réponse des feme/les supplémentées en méthionine est une augmentation de 1μm, alors qu'aucune augmentation n'est observée chez les mfl/es supp/émentés en méthionine. Les diamétres respectifs du poi/ et de sa moelle dans la toison des mflles castrés (14,3 μm et 5,8 μm) sont équivatents a ceux des feme/les (14,4 μm et 5,8 μm) dans le groupe ayant rer;u l'aliment contenant le taux le plus élevé de méthionine. Les caractéristiques du poi/ sont aussi fortement influencées par les conditions climatiques. L 'élévation de la température ambiente diminue le diamétre du poi/ et ce/ui de sa moe/le dans la toison des lapins Angora. Les valeurs les plus élevées ont été obtenus chez des lapins maintenus a + 5ºC (14,4μm et 5, 7μm, respectivement) tandis que chez des /apins maintenus a + 18ºC on obtient des valeurs inférieures (13,6 μm et 5, 1 μm) et des valeurs encare plus faibles (13,0 μm et 4, 7 μm) chez des lapins maintenus a+ 30ºCHerrmann, S.; Lange, K.; Wortmann, F. (1996). CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGORA RABBIT FIBRE 2 -THE INFLUENCE OF THE METHIONINE CONTENT IN FEED AND OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON FIBRE AND MEDULLA DIAMETER IN ANGORA WOOL. World Rabbit Science. 04(3). doi:10.4995/wrs.1996.288SWORD04