Vers le contrôle pluriel de l’École ?

L’article se propose d’analyser les grandes orientations de la politique éducative en Angleterre au cours des vingt dernières années, en déterminant jusqu’à quel point ces tendances promeuvent un contrôle central ou, au contraire, l’autonomie de la gestion des établissements. Il suggère que, dans le cadre des modèles de gouvernance multiple qu’il est possible de discerner au sein de ces tendances, un nouveau modèle distinct pourrait émerger : un contrôle pluriel de l’école caractérisé par une distribution des pouvoirs obéissant à certaines contraintes. Les limites systémiques de ce modèle – tant dans l’optique de l’innovation que dans la composition des nouveaux acteurs et partenaires éducatifs – sont brièvement soulignées.This article analyses the main trends in educational policy in England over the past twenty years, probing the extent to which they promote central control or autonomy in the governance of schools. It is suggested that what may be emerging, within the context of multiple governance models that can be discerned in these trends, is a new, distinctive model – plural controlled schooling. This is characterised by constrained empowerment. The systemic limitations within the plural controlled schooling model – in the scope for innovation and in the composition of new players and partners in education – are briefly highlighted.El artículo propone analizar las grandes orientaciones de la política educativa en Inglaterra durante estos últimos veinte años, determinando hasta qué punto dichas tendencias fomentan un control central, o por lo contrario, promueven la autonomía de gestión de los centros escolares. En el marco de los modelos de gestión múltiple que se pueden distinguir en el seno de estas tendencias, el artículo sugiere la elaboración de un modelo nuevo y distinto: un control plural de la escuela caracterizado por una distribución de poderes en función de ciertas exigencias. Los límites sistémicos de este modelo –tanto a nivel de la innovación como de la composición de los nuevos actores y colaboradores educativos– están brevemente mencionados

Frog nest foams exhibit pharmaceutical foam-like properties

Foams have frequently been used as systems for the delivery of cosmetic and therapeutic molecules; however, there is high variability in the foamability and long-term stability of synthetic foams. The development of pharmaceutical foams that exhibit desirable foaming properties, delivering appropriate amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and that have excellent biocompatibility is of great interest. The production of stable foams is rare in the natural world; however, certain species of frogs have adopted foam production as a means of providing a protective environment for their eggs and larvae from predators and parasites, to prevent desiccation, to control gaseous exchange, to buffer temperature extremes, and to reduce UV damage. These foams show great stability (up to 10 days in tropical environments) and are highly biocompatible due to the sensitive nature of amphibian skin. This work demonstrates for the first time that nests of the túngara frog ( Engystomops pustulosus ) are stable ex situ with useful physiochemical and biocompatible properties and are capable of encapsulating a range of compounds, including antibiotics. These protein foam mixtures share some properties with pharmaceutical foams and may find utility in a range of pharmaceutical applications such as topical drug delivery systems

Patterns of Natural and Human-Caused Mortality Factors of a Rare Forest Carnivore, the Fisher (Pekania pennanti) in California.

Wildlife populations of conservation concern are limited in distribution, population size and persistence by various factors, including mortality. The fisher (Pekania pennanti), a North American mid-sized carnivore whose range in the western Pacific United States has retracted considerably in the past century, was proposed for threatened status protection in late 2014 under the United States Endangered Species Act by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in its West Coast Distinct Population Segment. We investigated mortality in 167 fishers from two genetically and geographically distinct sub-populations in California within this West Coast Distinct Population Segment using a combination of gross necropsy, histology, toxicology and molecular methods. Overall, predation (70%), natural disease (16%), toxicant poisoning (10%) and, less commonly, vehicular strike (2%) and other anthropogenic causes (2%) were causes of mortality observed. We documented both an increase in mortality to (57% increase) and exposure (6%) from pesticides in fishers in just the past three years, highlighting further that toxicants from marijuana cultivation still pose a threat. Additionally, exposure to multiple rodenticides significantly increased the likelihood of mortality from rodenticide poisoning. Poisoning was significantly more common in male than female fishers and was 7 times more likely than disease to kill males. Based on necropsy findings, suspected causes of mortality based on field evidence alone tended to underestimate the frequency of disease-related mortalities. This study is the first comprehensive investigation of mortality causes of fishers and provides essential information to assist in the conservation of this species

Novel Amdovirus in Gray Foxes

We used viral metagenomics to identify a novel parvovirus in tissues of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Nearly full genome characterization and phylogenetic analyses showed this parvovirus (provisionally named gray fox amdovirus) to be distantly related to Aleutian mink disease virus, representing the second viral species in the Amdovirus genus

Uncovering treatment burden as a key concept for stroke care: a systematic review of qualitative research

<b>Background</b> Patients with chronic disease may experience complicated management plans requiring significant personal investment. This has been termed ‘treatment burden’ and has been associated with unfavourable outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the qualitative literature on treatment burden in stroke from the patient perspective.<p></p> <b>Methods and findings</b> The search strategy centred on: stroke, treatment burden, patient experience, and qualitative methods. We searched: Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO. We tracked references, footnotes, and citations. Restrictions included: English language, date of publication January 2000 until February 2013. Two reviewers independently carried out the following: paper screening, data extraction, and data analysis. Data were analysed using framework synthesis, as informed by Normalization Process Theory. Sixty-nine papers were included. Treatment burden includes: (1) making sense of stroke management and planning care, (2) interacting with others, (3) enacting management strategies, and (4) reflecting on management. Health care is fragmented, with poor communication between patient and health care providers. Patients report inadequate information provision. Inpatient care is unsatisfactory, with a perceived lack of empathy from professionals and a shortage of stimulating activities on the ward. Discharge services are poorly coordinated, and accessing health and social care in the community is difficult. The study has potential limitations because it was restricted to studies published in English only and data from low-income countries were scarce.<p></p> <b>Conclusions</b> Stroke management is extremely demanding for patients, and treatment burden is influenced by micro and macro organisation of health services. Knowledge deficits mean patients are ill equipped to organise their care and develop coping strategies, making adherence less likely. There is a need to transform the approach to care provision so that services are configured to prioritise patient needs rather than those of health care systems

Community based intervention to optimize osteoporosis management: randomized controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Osteoporosis-related fractures are a significant public health concern. Interventions that increase detection and treatment of osteoporosis are underutilized. This pragmatic randomised study was done to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted community-based care program aimed at optimizing evidence-based management in patients at risk for osteoporosis and fractures.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a 12-month randomized trial performed in Ontario, Canada. Eligible patients were community-dwelling, aged ≥55 years, and identified to be at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures. Two hundred and one patients were allocated to the intervention group or to usual care. Components of the intervention were directed towards primary care physicians and patients and included facilitated bone mineral density testing, patient education and patient-specific recommendations for osteoporosis treatment. The primary outcome was the implementation of appropriate osteoporosis management.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>101 patients were allocated to intervention and 100 to control. Mean age of participants was 71.9 ± 7.2 years and 94% were women. Pharmacological treatment (alendronate, risedronate, or raloxifene) for osteoporosis was increased by 29% compared to usual care (56% [29/52] vs. 27% [16/60]; relative risk [RR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29 to 3.40). More individuals in the intervention group were taking calcium (54% [54/101] vs. 20% [20/100]; RR 2.67, 95% CI 1.74 to 4.12) and vitamin D (33% [33/101] vs. 20% [20/100]; RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.65).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A multi-faceted community-based intervention improved management of osteoporosis in high risk patients compared with usual care.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>This trial has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT00465387)</p

Changes in locomotor activity and naloxone-induced jumping in mice produced by WIN 35,197-2 (Ethylketazocine) and morphine

Acute i.p. administration of morphine or cocaine produced increase in locomotor activity in Swiss-Webster female mice that were maximal at 32–100 mg/kg for morphine and at 32 mg/kg for cocaine. WIN 35,197-2 produced dose-dependent decreases in locomotor activity from 3.2–32 mg/kg. Chronic administration of WIN 35,197-2 led to a 6–10 fold shift to the right in the locomotor activity decreasing effect of the drug, but WIN 35,197-2-tolerant mice retained their sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine and cocaine. Acute administration of WIN 35,197-2 failed to sensitize mice to naloxone-induced jumping, although morphine did so. Chronic administration of WIN 35,197-2 did lead to sensitization to naloxone, but WIN 35,197-2 was much less efficacious in this regard than morphine. These behavioral effects of WIN 35,197-2 may be helpful in the classification of modes of action of different narcotic agonists.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46405/1/213_2004_Article_BF00426894.pd

PenQuest Volume 1, Number 2

Table of Contents for this Volume: Untitled by Julie Ambrose Night by Judith Gallo Untitled by Judy Gozdur the shamans by Charles Riddles Untitled by Jerry Connell Untitled by Laura Woods Untitled by LEMA Wicked Bird by Laura Jo Last Untitled by Rick Dentos Untitled by Jeni Moody Untitled by Bettie W. Kwibs Untitled by Joann Stagg The Protector Stood by Laura Jo Last Visions of Salome by Charles Riddles Untitled by Thomas Tutten Kennesaw Line by Don Ova-Dunaway Stone Blood by Mary Ellen C. Wofford Untitled by Roger Whitt Jr. Untitled by C. Wingate Untitled by Doug Dorey Untitled by Karen Blumberg Untitled by Beverly Oviatt Untitled by Virginia Shrader The Crapulous Credo of Charles C. by Charles Riddles the brave and the true by David Reed Untitled by Charles Gutierrez Canoe Creek by Patricia Kraft Untitled by Linda Bobinger The Man in the Iron Lung by Patricia Kraft Untitled by Roger Whitt, Jr. Childish Things by Kathleen Gay Untitled by Joseph Avanzini The Lover by Mary S. Aken Untitled by Ann Harrington And He Taketh Away by David Reed Untitled by Mary Graham Untitled by Melody A. Cummons Untitled by Karen Blumberg To The Poets by Judith Gallo Untitled by Ann Harringto

Efficiency and safety of varying the frequency of whole blood donation (INTERVAL): a randomised trial of 45 000 donors

Background: Limits on the frequency of whole blood donation exist primarily to safeguard donor health. However, there is substantial variation across blood services in the maximum frequency of donations allowed. We compared standard practice in the UK with shorter inter-donation intervals used in other countries. Methods: In this parallel group, pragmatic, randomised trial, we recruited whole blood donors aged 18 years or older from 25 centres across England, UK. By use of a computer-based algorithm, men were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 12-week (standard) versus 10-week versus 8-week inter-donation intervals, and women were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 16-week (standard) versus 14-week versus 12-week intervals. Participants were not masked to their allocated intervention group. The primary outcome was the number of donations over 2 years. Secondary outcomes related to safety were quality of life, symptoms potentially related to donation, physical activity, cognitive function, haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations, and deferrals because of low haemoglobin. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN24760606, and is ongoing but no longer recruiting participants. Findings: 45 263 whole blood donors (22 466 men, 22 797 women) were recruited between June 11, 2012, and June 15, 2014. Data were analysed for 45 042 (99·5%) participants. Men were randomly assigned to the 12-week (n=7452) versus 10-week (n=7449) versus 8-week (n=7456) groups; and women to the 16-week (n=7550) versus 14-week (n=7567) versus 12-week (n=7568) groups. In men, compared with the 12-week group, the mean amount of blood collected per donor over 2 years increased by 1·69 units (95% CI 1·59–1·80; approximately 795 mL) in the 8-week group and by 0·79 units (0·69–0·88; approximately 370 mL) in the 10-week group (p&lt;0·0001 for both). In women, compared with the 16-week group, it increased by 0·84 units (95% CI 0·76–0·91; approximately 395 mL) in the 12-week group and by 0·46 units (0·39–0·53; approximately 215 mL) in the 14-week group (p&lt;0·0001 for both). No significant differences were observed in quality of life, physical activity, or cognitive function across randomised groups. However, more frequent donation resulted in more donation-related symptoms (eg, tiredness, breathlessness, feeling faint, dizziness, and restless legs, especially among men [for all listed symptoms]), lower mean haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations, and more deferrals for low haemoglobin (p&lt;0·0001 for each) than those observed in the standard frequency groups. Interpretation: Over 2 years, more frequent donation than is standard practice in the UK collected substantially more blood without having a major effect on donors' quality of life, physical activity, or cognitive function, but resulted in more donation-related symptoms, deferrals, and iron deficiency. Funding: NHS Blood and Transplant, National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, and British Heart Foundation