55 research outputs found
The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Risk and Protective Profiles for Vulnerability to Radicalization
This study examines how behavioral indicators co-occur as “risk profiles” across different domains relevant to risk assessment as theorized by a Risk Analysis Framework, and how these profiles impact upon vulnerability to radicalization. We unpack both the inter- and intra-domain relationships among profiles, identifying the relative importance of cumulative or interactive effects. We apply latent class analysis, a series of ANOVAs, and moderator analyses to a sample of the UK population (n = 1,500). We examine how the risk profiles relate to scores on the Radicalism Intention Scale, and how profiles relate to, and interact with, one another. Our results suggest that radicalization risk emerges fundamentally from both the interaction and cumulation of processes at different levels of analysis and is therefore highly context dependent. Risk assessment should rely less on quantifying specific indicators and attend to correctly inferring their functional relevance to the risk being assessed
Controlling spin relaxation with a cavity
Spontaneous emission of radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms by
which an excited quantum system returns to equilibrium. For spins, however,
spontaneous emission is generally negligible compared to other non-radiative
relaxation processes because of the weak coupling between the magnetic dipole
and the electromagnetic field. In 1946, Purcell realized that the spontaneous
emission rate can be strongly enhanced by placing the quantum system in a
resonant cavity -an effect which has since been used extensively to control the
lifetime of atoms and semiconducting heterostructures coupled to microwave or
optical cavities, underpinning single-photon sources. Here we report the first
application of these ideas to spins in solids. By coupling donor spins in
silicon to a superconducting microwave cavity of high quality factor and small
mode volume, we reach for the first time the regime where spontaneous emission
constitutes the dominant spin relaxation mechanism. The relaxation rate is
increased by three orders of magnitude when the spins are tuned to the cavity
resonance, showing that energy relaxation can be engineered and controlled
on-demand. Our results provide a novel and general way to initialise spin
systems into their ground state, with applications in magnetic resonance and
quantum information processing. They also demonstrate that, contrary to popular
belief, the coupling between the magnetic dipole of a spin and the
electromagnetic field can be enhanced up to the point where quantum
fluctuations have a dramatic effect on the spin dynamics; as such our work
represents an important step towards the coherent magnetic coupling of
individual spins to microwave photons.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl
Decoherence mechanisms of 209Bi donor electron spins in isotopically pure 28Si
Bismuth (209Bi) is the deepest Group V donor in silicon and possesses the
most extreme characteristics such as a 9/2 nuclear spin and a 1.5 GHz hyperfine
coupling. These lead to several potential advantages for a Si:Bi donor electron
spin qubit compared to the more common phosphorus donor. Previous studies on
Si:Bi have been performed using natural silicon where linewidths and electron
spin coherence times are limited by the presence of 29Si impurities. Here we
describe electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron nuclear double resonance
(ENDOR) studies on 209Bi in isotopically pure 28Si. ESR and ENDOR linewidths,
transition probabilities and coherence times are understood in terms of the
spin Hamiltonian parameters showing a dependence on field and mI of the 209Bi
nuclear spin. We explore various decoherence mechanisms applicable to the donor
electron spin, measuring coherence times up to 700 ms at 1.7 K at X-band,
comparable with 28Si:P. The coherence times we measure follow closely the
calculated field-sensitivity of the transition frequency, providing a strong
motivation to explore 'clock' transitions where coherence lifetimes could be
further enhanced.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Arrests and convictions but not sentence length deter terrorism in 28 European Union member states
While countries differ in how they handle terrorism, criminal justice systems in Europe and elsewhere treat terrorism similar to other crime, with police, prosecutors, judges, courts and penal systems carrying out similar functions of investigations, apprehension, charging, convicting and overseeing punishments, respectively. We address a dearth of research on potential deterrent effects against terrorism by analysing data on terrorism offending, arrests, charges, convictions and sentencing over 16 years in 28 European Union member states. Applying both count and dynamic panel data models across multiple specifications, we find that increased probability of apprehension and punishment demonstrate an inverse relationship with terrorism offending, while the rate of charged individuals is associated with a small increase in terrorism. The results for sentence length are less clear but also indicate potential backlash effects. These findings unveil overlaps between crime and terrorism in terms of deterrent effects and have implications for both the research agenda and policy discussion
Decoherence mechanisms of Bi-209 donor electron spins in isotopically pure Si-28
Bismuth (209Bi) is the deepest group V donor in silicon and possesses the most extreme characteristics such as a 9/2 nuclear spin and a 1.5 GHz hyperfine coupling. These lead to several potential advantages for a Si:Bi donor electron spin qubit compared to the more common phosphorus donor. Most previous studies on Si:Bi have been performed using natural silicon where linewidths and electron spin coherence times are limited by the presence of 29Si impurities. Here, we describe electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) studies on 209Bi in isotopically pure 28Si. ESR and ENDOR linewidths, transition probabilities, and coherence times are understood in terms of the spin Hamiltonian parameters showing a dependence on field and mI of the 209Bi nuclear spin. We explore various decoherence mechanisms applicable to the donor electron spin, measuring coherence times up to 700 ms at 1.7 K at X band, comparable with 28Si:P. Importantly, the coherence times we measure follow closely to the calculated field gradients of the transition frequencies (df/dB), providing a strong motivation to explore "clock" transitions where coherence lifetimes could be further enhanced. © 2012 American Physical Society
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