Law Schools Harm Genizaros and Other Indigenous People by Misunderstanding ABA Policy

Law schools justifiably seek to enroll a diverse student body in order to enrich the academic experience and environment, and to provide attorneys who will serve all segments of our society. American law schools enjoy the constitutional right to maintain such diversity. Indeed, accreditation standards promulgated by the American Bar Association ( ABA ) require it. The Association of American Law Schools carries a similar mandate. In seeking to create a diverse student body, law schools offer applicants the opportunity to identify their backgrounds. There generally is no diversity police checking on the accuracy of the self-identification as a member of a minority group by a law school applicant. However, there is one glaring exception. That involves Native Americans.\u27 Law schools generally want to pursue the worthy and lawful goal; yet, due to a serious misunderstanding among American law schools, Genizaros and other nontribal affiliated Indians are often precluded from pursuing this goal because they cannot emphasize their indigenous backgrounds. In fact, as shown below, these applicants could be viewed as fraudulent or dishonest in the process. It is more than likely that law schools are simply overlooking a second, critical part of the relevant admissions policy. This issue is rooted in the 2011 American Bar Association policy which reads as follows: [T]he American Bar Association urges the Law School Admissions Council and ABA-approved law schools to require additional information from individuals who indicate on their applications for testing or admission that they are Native American, including Tribal citizenship, Tribal affiliation or enrollment number, and/or a \u27heritage statement.’ In this article, we will first examine how the ABA policy came to be and how it is being misapplied. Second, we will briefly consider who can document tribal affiliation, thus satisfying the first part of the ABA test. Third, we will explore the Genizaro reality, demonstrating the heritage that should satisfy the second part of the ABA Resolution. Finally, we will explain how the misapplication of this ABA policy is unintentionally perpetuating a badge of servitude upon the Genizaro people

Aspect-Driven Structuring of Historical Dutch Newspaper Archives

Digital libraries oftentimes provide access to historical newspaper archives via keyword-based search. Historical figures and their roles are particularly interesting cognitive access points in historical research. Structuring and clustering news articles would allow more sophisticated access for users to explore such information. However, real-world limitations such as the lack of training data, licensing restrictions and non-English text with OCR errors make the composition of such a system difficult and cost-intensive in practice. In this work we tackle these issues with the showcase of the National Library of the Netherlands by introducing a role-based interface that structures news articles on historical persons. In-depth, component-wise evaluations and interviews with domain experts highlighted our prototype's effectiveness and appropriateness for a real-world digital library collection.Comment: TPDL2023, Full Paper, 16 page

Effect of Magnetic Impurity Correlations on Josephson Tunneling

The ordering trend of magnetic impurities at low temperature results in the frustration of the pair-breaking effect and induces a ``recovery'' of superconducting properties. We show that this effect manifests itself in the deviation of the Josephson current amplitude from the values obtained within the Ambegaokar-Baratoff and the Abrikosov-Gor'kov models. We consider both weak and strong-coupling cases. The theory is applied to describe the experimental data obtained for the low-$T_c$ superconductor SmRh$_4$B$_4$. We further predict a ``recovery'' effect of the Josephson current in high-temperature superconductors.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Physica

Isotope Effect for the Penetration Depth in Superconductors

We show that various factors can lead to an isotopic dependence of the penetration depth $\delta$. Non-adiabaticity (Jahn-Teller crossing) leads to the isotope effect of the charge carrier concentration $n$ and, consequently, of $\delta$ in doped superconductors such as the cuprates. A general equation relating the isotope coefficients of $T_c$ and of $\delta$ is presented for London superconductors. We further show that the presence of magnetic impurities or a proximity contact also lead to an isotopic dependence of $\delta$; the isotope coefficient turns out to be temperature dependent, $\beta(T)$, in these cases. The existence of the isotope effect for the penetration depth is predicted for conventional as well as for high-temperature superconductors. Various experiments are proposed and/or discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

ICON 2019: International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: Clinical Terminology

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Background Persistent tendon pain that impairs function has inconsistent medical terms that can influence choice of treatment.1 When a person is told they have tendinopathy by clinician A or tendinitis by clinician B, they might feel confused or be alarmed at receiving what they might perceive as two different diagnoses. This may lead to loss of confidence in their health professional and likely adds to uncertainty if they were to search for information about their condition. Clear and uniform terminology also assists inter-professional communication. Inconsistency in terminology for painful tendon disorders is a problem at numerous anatomical sites. Historically, the term ‘tendinitis’ was first used to describe tendon pain, thickening and impaired function (online supplementary figure S1). The term ‘tendinosis’ has also been used in a small number of publications, some of which were very influential.2 3 Subsequently, ‘tendinopathy’ emerged as the most common term for persistent tendon pain.4 5 To our knowledge, experts (clinicians and researchers) or patients have never engaged in a formal process to discuss the terminology we use. We believe that health professionals have not yet agreed on the appropriate terminology for painful tendon conditions.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Exoplanet Diversity in the Era of Space-based Direct Imaging Missions

This whitepaper discusses the diversity of exoplanets that could be detected by future observations, so that comparative exoplanetology can be performed in the upcoming era of large space-based flagship missions. The primary focus will be on characterizing Earth-like worlds around Sun-like stars. However, we will also be able to characterize companion planets in the system simultaneously. This will not only provide a contextual picture with regards to our Solar system, but also presents a unique opportunity to observe size dependent planetary atmospheres at different orbital distances. We propose a preliminary scheme based on chemical behavior of gases and condensates in a planet's atmosphere that classifies them with respect to planetary radius and incident stellar flux.Comment: A white paper submitted to the National Academy of Sciences Exoplanet Science Strateg