Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Trends in mortality and factors associated with mortality and morbidity amongst hospitalized low birth weigth infants at a tertiary level hospital in Cameroon, 2001-2005

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2016.ENGLISH SUMMARY : Background: Babies born with a birth weight of less than 2500grams have a low birth weight (LBW) and death amongst them accounts for 80% of all neonatal deaths. At the endpoint of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), we evaluate the progress made by Laquintinie hospital, Cameroon in reducing mortality amongst low birth weight babies, and identify factors associated with their morbidity and mortality. Methods: We estimated the mortality rates amongst LBW infants from 2001 to 2015, using a retrospective cohort study. Hospital records from 2001 to 2014, and the medical files for 2015 of LBW infants hospitalized in this hospital were used to evaluate their outcomes and factors associated with their morbidity and mortality. Findings: The overall mortality rate progressively increased from 19·9% in 2001 to 50·7% in 2015, with the greatest increase observed amongst extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW). In time series analysis, ELBW infants Beta 0·49 (95% CI 0.12 - 0.87) and incremental year of birth Beta 1·4 (95% CI 1.04 - 1.81) accounted for the increase in mortality rate. ELBW (OR: 4·3, 95% CI ), VLBW (OR: 2·7, 95% CI ) and apgar <7 at 5 minutes (OR: 25, P=0·022) were risk factors for respiratory morbidity. Apgar <7 at 5 minutes (OR: 5·5, P<0·001) was a risk factor for neurological morbidity. Factors associated with mortality were VLBW (OR: 4·7 P<0·001), respiratory distress (OR: 9·2, P<0·001), apnoea (OR: 4·2, P0·004) and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (OR: 5·839, P<0·001). Interpretation: The mortality rates amongst low birth weight infants hospitalized at Laquintinie Hospital, increased in the period 2001-2015, and negatively impacted its achievement of MDG 4.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Geen opsomming beskikbaar.Master