Evaluasi Kebijakan Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan (Studi Pada Sekolah Dasar Negeri Percobaan 1 Kota Malang)

: The Evaluation Over School Operational Grant (BOS) Funding Policy To Improve Education Quality (study at Sekolah Dasar Negeri Percobaan 1 Malang City).School Operational Grant (BOS) Program is aimed to relieve the burden of community in paying education cost to fulfill 9-year mandatory learning program. This grant policy must be monitored to ensure that the target is achieved. Malang City has been an education city to implement BOS. To ascertain that the error in the use of BOS is minimized, evaluation must be conducted over School Operational Grant (BOS) Funding Program. Research type is descriptive with qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include observation and interview. Result of research indicates that the implementation of BOS funding policy at city or school levels, including at SDN Percobaan 1 of Malang City, has been favorable and based on the procedure as stated in technical guide of BOS funding. The participation of community is needed to provide the input or even the surveillance over BOS funding progra

Spectrum Handoff Pada Teknologi Dynamic Spectrum Access and Sharing Untuk Radio Kognitif

Salah satu teknik dalam dynamic spectrum access and sharing yang diimplementasikan pada sistem radio kognitif adalah spektrum handoff. Spektrum handoff merupakan salah satu dari tiga bagian penting dalam teknologi radio kognitif selain spektrum sensing dan spektrum management. Spektrum handoff biasa juga disebut spektrum mobility yang menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan spektrum untuk melakukan transmisi dalam teknologi radio kognitif dapat berpindah-pindah. metode spektrum handoff dapat dibagimenjadi dua macam, yaitu metode spektrum handoff proaktif dan reaktif. Dimana proaktif berarti kanal yang akan ditempati berikutnya telah di-reserve terlebih dahulu dan reaktif berarti kanal dicari ketika dibutuhkan. Model yang digunakan adalah sistem antrian preemptive resume priority M/G/1. Dengan melakukan variasi pada nilai trafik pengguna didapat penggunaan spektrum handoff dapat mengurangi delay pengguna sekunder hingga50% bergantung dari trafik pengguna primer

Penyelesaian Economic Disptach Pada Pembangkit Termal Menggunakan Metode Harmony Search Algorithm

Untuk melayani beban dengan nilai tertentu maka yang perlu diperhatikan adalah beberapa daya yang harus dibangkitkan oleh setiap unit pembangkit sehingga diperoleh biaya pembangkitan yang ekonomis atau biasa juga disebut dengan Economic Dispatch. Untuk mengatasi masalah Economic Dispatch berbagai teknik optimasi telah diterapkan, salah satunya adalah metode Harmony Search Algorithm.HSA telah banyak perhatian karena ada beberapa kelebihan diantaranya pada sistem yang kompleks HSA dapat mengungguli, mudah diimplementasikan, dan komputasi waktu yang cepat bila dibandingkan dengan metode Artificial Intelegence (AI) lainnya. Metode Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) adalah metode yang terinspirasi dari pertunjukan seni musik dengan mekanisme pencarian menggunakan harmoni atau bunyi nada yang terbaik sehingga terlihat bagus didengar. Adapun tahapan untuk mencari HSA adalah inisialisasi, membangun Harmony Memory, improvisasi Harmony baru, update Harmony Memory, dan mengecek pemberhentian kriteria. Untuk mencari hasil yang terbaik metode tersebut dibandingkan dengan metode Quadratic Programming. Hasil selisih biaya bahan bakar yang telah didapatkan  untuk 6 unit generator beban 425 MW sebesar 1,5187 $/h dengan prosentase , beban 850 MW sebesar 8,0635$/h dengan prosentase , beban 1275 MW sebesar 133,6319 $/h dengan prosentase . Hasil selisih biaya bahan bakar yang telah didapatkan untuk 20 unit generator beban 1325 MW sebesar 33,6381$/h dengan prosentase , beban 2650 MW sebesar 569,8115 dengan prosentase , beban 3000 MW sebesar 1,9812 $/h dengan prosetanse . Hasilnya didapatkan selisih angka yang cukup besar dan HSA mampu memberikan hasil yang optimal pada sistem 6 unit generator dan sistem 20 unit generator HSA mengungguli Quadratic Programming. Masalah komputasi Harmony Search Algorithm lebih lama dibandingkan dengan Quadratic Programming sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa HSA adalah solusi terbaik karena pencarian dilakukan secara random dan untuk nilai parameter sangat mempengaruhi hasil dari metode HSA

Analysis of Learning Strategies in the Speaking Class at the Second Grade Students' of Senior High School

Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui strategi belajar yang digunakan oleh siswa, kemampuan berbicara siswa dan menemukan korelasi antara strategi belajar bahasa dengan kemampuan berbicara siswa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMAN 1 Binduriang Bengkulu menggunakan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. 20 siswa kelas dua dipilih sebagai sample. 50 quesionire dan test menggunakan storytelling untuk mengukur kemampuan berbicara siswa. Data dianalisa menggunakan product moment corelation. Ada 6 strategy belajar siswa yang berbeda meliputi; meta-cognitive (3.56), memory (2.95), affective (2.85), sosial (2.82), cognitive (2.77) dan compentation (3.11). Hasil nilai dari kemampuan berbicara siswa adalah (68.05), meliputi; vocabulary (72.5), comprehension (72.5), Pronunciation (66.5), fluency (66.5), dan grammar (62.5). Vocabulary dan comprehension adalah paling tinggi, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan strategi belajar siswa dengan kemampuan berbicara dimana nilai r adalah 0.562.The objectives of this research are to find out the strategies of language learning that are used by the students, to find out the students' speaking ability, and to find out the correlation between students' language learning strategies with students' speaking ability. This research was conducted in SMAN 1 Binduriang Bengkulu by using qualitative and quantitative method. There were 20 students from the second grade as a sample. 50 items of questionnaires to check the learning strategy and given test in speaking by using storytelling. The data were analyzed by product moment corelation. There are 6 kinds of different language learning strategies, including; meta-cognitive (3.56), memory (2.95), affective (2.85), social (2.82), cognitive (2.77) and compensation (3.11). The average score of students' speaking ability is (68.05), such us; vocabulary (72.5), comprehension (72.5), Pronunciation (66.5), fluency (66.5), and grammar (62.5). The average score of vocabulary and comprehension were the highest one, there was a significant correlation between language learning strategies with speaking ability where value was 0.562

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Rancang Bangun Alat Musik Berbasis Perubahan Arus Perpindahan

Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui Perubahan frekuensi pada alat musik Theremin pada saat dimainkan dengan menyesuaikan jarak tangan pemain dengan antena. Konsep dari Theremin ini adalah sebuah alat musik, dimana cara memainkan alat musik tersebut tidak menggunakan kontak fisik langsung terhadap alat tersebut, dimana menggunakan teori arus perpindahan yaitu suatu medan listrik yang berubah terhadap waktu yang dimana arus perpindahan itu akan terjadi ketika terdapat dua lempeng penghantar atau kapasitor pada suatu dielektrik yang diberikan tegangan dan akan menghasilkan medan listrik. Pada alat ini juga terdapat prinsip heterodinamis dimana terdapat dua frekuensi antena yang bercampur yang saling mengurangi sehingga menghasilkan frekuensi yang dapat didengar oleh telinga manusia. Pada eksperimen dapat dilihat hasilnya bahwa pada saat tangan pemain mendekati antena, frekuensi yang akan dihasilkan akan semakin besar sehingga menghasilkan nada yang lebih tinggi, begitu juga sebaliknya

Desain Sistem Informasi Cerdas Pada Smart Grid Berbasis Internet of Things Dan Artificial Neural Network

Smart grid merupakan sistem kelistrikan yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk melakukan proses menjual dan membeli daya listrik. Pada penelitian ini dirancang model smart grid dengan sumber daya dari listrik PLN dan panel surya yang terhubung dengan beban. Beban yang digunakan memiliki daya maksimal 40 W dan panel surya yang digunakan memiliki kapasitas 100 Wp. ESP32 digunakan sebagai perangkat Internet of Things, yang digunakan sebagai pengukur dan pengontrol daya listrik yang akan dijual atau dibeli. Raspberry Pi digunakan sebagai web server pengolah data dari smart grid. Aplikasi “Smart Grid Dikti†merupakan aplikasi berbasis android yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pemantauan serta pengaturan dalam sistem smart grid tersebut. Aplikasi android tersebut telah diuji coba dengan metode Black Box, dengan hasil pengujian 100% berhasil. Kecerdasan buatan berbasis Artificial Neural Network (ANN) dengan metode backpropagation diimplementasikan dalam sistem smart grid yang berfungsi sebagai pengaturan otomatis dalam proses jual dan beli daya listrik. ANN yang digunakan memiliki 3 input, 2 layer neuron, 3 output, dan masing-masing layer memiliki 4 neuron yang diimplementasikan ke dalam bahasa Python. Setelah pelatihan sebanyak 11.000 kali, didapatkan Root Mean Square  Error (RMSE) sebesar 0,12151 dan pada saat uji coba didapatkan RMSE sebesar 0,10500 dengan akurasi rata-rata sebesar 89,50%

Current progress of biopolymer-based flame retardant

Due to thermal and flame/fire sensitivity of biopolymers especially in plant-based biopolymer fillers, it is extremely and necessary to improve the reaction to flame. The bio-polymers currently are used in many applications and daily life products and due to the potential risks of its tendency to burn and widespread the flames. To overcome these risks, an introduction of flame retardant (FR) compounds, additives, or fillers based on organic and inorganic approaches such as nitrogen-based FRs, halogenated-based FRs, and nano fillers have becoming significant incorporated into biopolymers. Most traditional uses of FRs that involve halogenated and inorganic FRs are toxic and non-biodegradable during disposal. Thus, the need to look for more environmentally friendly FRs such as nanocellulose, lignin, and others have become crucial. Because of concern on environmental and human health issues the biopolymers becoming a popular subject nowadays among scientists and researchers. The aim of this review paper is to promote the use of biodegradable and bio-based compounds for flame retardants with reduction in carbon footprint and emission. Furthermore, the addition of bio-based FRs are significant in preventing and reducing the spread of flames compared with conventional FRs. A detailed discussion on the flame retardants mechanism, characterization techniques, morphology correlation and various biopolymers with flame retardants are also discussed

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.</p