Effect of tarcolimus on skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis

No abstract available

Interaction of Vibrio spp. with the Inner Surface of the Digestive Tract of Penaeus monodon

Several species of Vibrio are the causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. In aquaculture, Vibrio harveyi (Vh) and V. parahaemolyticus (Vp) have long been considered as shrimp pathogens in freshwater, brackish and marine environments. Here we show by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that Penaeus monodon orally inoculated with each of these two pathogens via an Artemia diet had numerous bacteria attached randomly across the stomach surface, in single and in large biofilm-like clusters 6 h post-infection. A subsequent marked proliferation in the number of V. harveyi within the biofilm-like formations resulted in the development of infections in the stomach, the upper and middle midgut, but neither in the posterior midgut nor the hindgut. SEM also revealed the induced production of peritrichous pili-like structures by the Vp attaching to the stomach lining, whilst only a single polar fibre was seen forming an apparent physical bridge between Vh and the host's epithelium. In contrast to these observations, no such adherences or linkages were seen when trials were conducted with non-pathogenic Vibrio spp. or with Micrococcus luteus, with no obvious resultant changes to the host's gut surface. In naive shrimp, the hindgut was found to be a favorable site for bacteria notably curved, short-rod shaped bacteria which probably belong to Vibrio spp. Data from the current study suggests that pathogens of P. monodon must be able to colonize the digestive tract, particularly the stomach, where chitin is present, and then they use an array of virulent factors and enzymes to infect their host resulting in disease. Oral infection is a better way of mimicking natural routes of infection; investigating the host-bacteria interactions occurring in the digestive tract may lead to new strategies for the prevention or control of bacterial infections in penaeids

Effects of dietary fermented soybean meal with Thua nao starter on the growth performance, body composition, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of the nutritional value of soybean meal by using Thua nao starter as a dietary supplement for tilapia culture. The study covered five different experimental diets, each containing fermented soybean meal (FSBM): FSBM0 (0 g/kg), FSBM75 (75 g/kg), FSBM150 (150 g/kg), FSBM225 (225 g/kg), and FSBM300 (300 g/kg) for 10 weeks. The results of the fermentation process revealed that the FSBM exhibited an abundance of Bacillus and Kosakonia, along with notable enzyme activities such as protease, filter paper cellulase, and carboxymethyl cellulase. Furthermore, the protein content of the FSBM increased from 42% to 44%. When the tilapia feed was supplemented with the FSBM, it was observed that supplementation with amounts below FSBM225 had no significant impact on fish growth. Conversely, the diet of FSBM300 had a detrimental effect on growth. Fish receiving FSBM diets demonstrated elevated white blood cells, particularly in those fed FSBM150, FSBM225, and FSBM300, with an increase in neutrophils in the FSBM225 and FSBM300. The whole-body composition revealed no significant changes in crude protein and ash, but there was reduction in crude lipid content. Notably, the supplementation of FSBM had a positive impact on the disease resistance of tilapia to Aeromonas hydrophila, with the FSBM225 group showing the lowest fish mortality rate at 23.8%. These findings indicate that the inclusion of FSBM at a concentration of 225 g/kg in the fish diet does not negatively affect growth and improves survival rates when exposed to A. hydrophila. This indicates that FSBM can be considered a valuable dietary supplement to resist bacterial infection for tilapia farming

Interaction of Vibrio spp. with the Inner Surface of the Digestive Tract of Penaeus monodon

Several species of Vibrio are the causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. In aquaculture, Vibrio harveyi (Vh) and V. parahaemolyticus (Vp) have long been considered as shrimp pathogens in freshwater, brackish and marine environments. Here we show by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that Penaeus monodon orally inoculated with each of these two pathogens via an Artemia diet had numerous bacteria attached randomly across the stomach surface, in single and in large biofilm-like clusters 6 h post-infection. A subsequent marked proliferation in the number of V. harveyi within the biofilm-like formations resulted in the development of infections in the stomach, the upper and middle midgut, but neither in the posterior midgut nor the hindgut. SEM also revealed the induced production of peritrichous pili-like structures by the Vp attaching to the stomach lining, whilst only a single polar fibre was seen forming an apparent physical bridge between Vh and the host's epithelium. In contrast to these observations, no such adherences or linkages were seen when trials were conducted with non-pathogenic Vibrio spp. or with Micrococcus luteus, with no obvious resultant changes to the host's gut surface. In naive shrimp, the hindgut was found to be a favorable site for bacteria notably curved, short-rod shaped bacteria which probably belong to Vibrio spp. Data from the current study suggests that pathogens of P. monodon must be able to colonize the digestive tract, particularly the stomach, where chitin is present, and then they use an array of virulent factors and enzymes to infect their host resulting in disease. Oral infection is a better way of mimicking natural routes of infection; investigating the host-bacteria interactions occurring in the digestive tract may lead to new strategies for the prevention or control of bacterial infections in penaeids

MicroRNA-378a-3p is overexpressed in psoriasis and modulates cell cycle arrest in keratinocytes via targeting BMP2 gene

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease driven by dysregulations at the cellular, genomic and genetic levels. MicroRNAs are key mediators of gene expression regulation. However, how microRNAs control the pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear. Here, we reported a significant up-regulation of miR-378a-3p (miR-378a) in skin biopsies from active psoriatic lesions while it was down-regulated after treatment with methotrexate or narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. Using the keratinocyte in vitro model, we showed that miR-378a disturbed the cell cycle progr

Representative SEM images of the inner surface of the digestive tract of <i>P</i>. <i>monodon</i> infected with <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>.

<p>(A) At 24 post-infection, numerous straight-shaped bacteria adhering to the fibre seta, to (B) short spines and (C) to the inner surface of the stomach. Some of the spines were broken and had detached from the stomach lining (arrowheads). (D-F) Attached bacteria producing peritrichous pili-like structures. Abbreviation: fiber seta (FS), spines (Sp), cuticle (Cu), fimbria (Fi), peritrophic membrane (PM)</p

Representative SEM pictures of the inner surface of the digestive tract of a suspected diseased <i>Penaeus monodon</i> from a shrimp farm.

<p>A cluster of unique rod-shaped bacteria attached to (A) fibre setae or (B) to the lining of the stomach. (C) Higher magnification image of the attached bacteria in the stomach exhibiting peritrichous pili-like structures or fimbria., where (D) a few fibres linked to the peritrophic matrix (PM) can be seen (arrowhead). (E) Many holes were created in the PM and a few granules were seen inside the holes. (F) A group of irregular-shaped bacteria were found attached to the PM. (G) A cluster of short-rod shaped bacteria with polar flagella, (h) irregular-shaped, and (I) unidentified particles were seen attached to the hindgut wall. Abbreviation: fiber seta (FS), bacteria (Ba), spines (Sp), fimbria (Fi) granule (Gr), microvilli (Mv), polar flagella (PF), unknown particles (UP), ingested food (IF)</p

Transcriptomic Profiling of Peripheral Edge of Lesions to Elucidate the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis Vulgaris

Elucidating transcriptome in the peripheral edge of the lesional (PE) skin could provide a better understanding of the molecules or signalings that intensify inflammation in the PE skin. Full-thickness biopsies of PE skin and uninvolved (UN) skin were obtained from psoriasis patients for RNA-seq. Several potential differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the PE skin compared to those in the UN skin were identified. These DEGs enhanced functions such as angiogenesis, growth of epithelial tissue, chemotaxis and homing of cells, growth of connective tissues, and degranulation of myeloid cells beneath the PE skin. Moreover, the canonical pathways of IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-22 signaling were enriched by the DEGs. Finally, we proposed that inflammation in the PE skin might be driven by the IL-36/TLR9 axis or IL-6/Th17 axis and potentiated by IL-36α, IL-36γ, IL-17C, IL-8, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A15, SERPINB4, and hBD-2. Along with IL-36α, IL-17C, and IκBζ, ROCK2 could be an equally important factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which may involve self-sustaining circuits between innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of IL-36α and IL-36γ expression. Our finding provides new insight into signaling pathways in PE skin, which could lead to the discovery of new psoriasis targets

Representative SEM images of the inner surface of the digestive tract from <i>P</i>. <i>monodon</i> receiving non-pathogenic bacteria (<i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and non-pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24).

<p>No observed attachment of bacteria to the stomach (A—<i>M</i>. <i>luteus</i>, B- <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24) or to the midgut (C- <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24). The bacteria found in the hindgut were variable in number where most of the hindgut tissues were intact (D—<i>M</i>. <i>luteus</i>, E- <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24). A high number of pits were found across the surface of the midgut (G, H- <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24), where a large number of cocci- and spindle-shaped granules which resided in the epithelial cells were seen (I- <i>Vibrio</i> B4-24). Abbreviation: spines (Sp), fiber seta (FS), cuticle (Cu), microvilli (Mv), bacteria (Ba), pit (Pi), granule (Gr)</p

Representative SEM images of the inner surface of <i>P</i>. <i>monodon</i> infected with <i>Vibrio harveyi</i>.

<p>(A) At 1.5 h post-infection (PI), no bacteria adhering to the surface of the stomach linings were seen, but (B) numerous bacterial cells mixed with ingested food attaching the stomach surface were seen. (C) Numerous rod-shaped bacteria firmly attached to the stomach lining. (D) At 6 h PI, colonizing bacteria cover the epithelium of the anterior midgut. (E, yellow arrow) A higher magnification of the bacteria seen at 6 h show that they possess polar flagella that are linked with each other, and (F) heavy destruction of the epithelial layers by bacteria exposed of the basement membrane underneath. (G) The posterior portion of the midgut showing intact tissue with a thick peritrophic matrix or (H) with a few bacterial cells attached to the microvilli. (I) Scattered clusters of rod-shaped bacteria adhering to the lining of the hindgut. (J-L) At 24 h PI, the numbers of bacteria within the stomach of infected shrimp increased dramatically. Densely packed-bacteria were found covering the epithelium of the anterior midgut. Abbreviation: cuticle (Cu), spines (Sp), peritrophic membrance (PM), ingested food (IF), fiber seta (FS), polar flagella (PF), bacteria (Ba), basement membrane (BM), microvilli (Mv)</p