Metabolite Fingerprinting Based on1 H-NMR Spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography for the Authentication of Herbal Products

Herbal medicines (HMs) are regarded as one of the traditional medicines in health care to prevent and treat some diseases. Some herbal components such as turmeric and ginger are used as HMs, therefore the identification and confirmation of herbal use are very necessary. In addition, the adulteration practice, mainly motivated to gain economical profits, may occur by substituting the high price of HMs with lower-priced ones or by addition of certain chemical constituents known as Bahan Kimia Obat (chemical drug ingredients) in Indonesia. Some analytical methods based on spectroscopic and chromatographic methods are developed for the authenticity and confirmation of the HMs used. Some approaches are explored during HMs authentication including single-component analysis, fingerprinting profiles, and metabolomics studies. The absence of reference standards for certain chemical markers has led to exploring the fingerprinting approach as a tool for the authentication of HMs. During fingerprinting-based spectroscopic and chromatographic methods, the data obtained were big, therefore the use of chemometrics is a must. This review highlights the application of fingerprinting profiles using variables of spectral and chromatogram data for authentication in HMs. Indeed, some chemometrics techniques, mainly pattern recognition either unsupervised or supervised, were applied for this purpose. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Application of FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for correlation of antioxidant activities, phenolics and flavonoid contents of Indonesian Curcuma xanthorrhiza

Curcuma xanthorrhiza is one of the most commonly used herbals found in Indonesian Traditional Medicine. This herb has been known as antioxidant. The phenolics and flavonoids are believed to be responsible for these activities. The objective of this study was to develop FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra in conjunction with chemometrics of multivariate calibration for the prediction of antioxidant activity, total phenolics contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of C. xanthorrhiza obtained from several locations in Indonesia. In this study, C. xanthorrhiza samples were subjected to antioxidant activity measurement based on DPPH radical scavenging assay and expressed by inhibition concentration of 50% (IC50), determination of TPC based on Folin-Ciocalteau reagent expressed as gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g) and determination of TFC based on its complexes with AlCl3 and expressed as quercetin equivalent (mg QE/g). The samples were also scanned using FTIR spectrophotometer at wavenumbers of 4000–650 cm−1 based on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) measurement. The antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC were correlated with FTIR spectra with the aid of multivariate calibration. The results showed that IC50 values of C. xanthorrhiza powder were within 0.177–0.615 mg/mL, TPC of 0.438–1.214 mg GAE/g and TFC of 0.058–0.229 mg QE/g. PLS regression for the correlation between actual values of IC50 and FTIR predicted values were of 0.9919 indicating the high accurate prediction method. From ANOVA test, the error obtained is low, i.e., 0.0027 indicating the precise method. The similar results in terms of high accuracy and precision were also obtained during the employing FTIR spectra and PLS for prediction of TPC and TFC. It can be concluded that the combination of FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics can provide the alternative methods for prediction of antioxidant activities using DPPH radical assay, TPC and TFC with the main advantage of simple in operation and minimum use of solvents

Application of near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination and authentication of herbal products: A review

Herbal medicines along with its preparations have been commonly used as preventive and promotive agents around the world, especially in developing countries. Motivated by economic profits, the high-priced value of herbal medicines may be substituted or adulterated with less expensive ones; therefore, the authentication methods must be developed to overcome the adulteration practices. Due to their properties as fingerprint analytical techniques, near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopies offered fast and reliable techniques for authentication of herbal medicine. The data generated during authentication of herbal medicines were complex and difficult to be interpreted; therefore, the statistical approach called chemometrics has been used to treat data. The objective of the present review was to highlight the updates on the application of NIR and MIR spectroscopies and chemometrics techniques (discrimination, classification, and quantification) for discrimination and authentication of herbal medicine

In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Tegeran Wood (Cudrania JavanensisTrécul) Extracts [Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Kayu Tegeran Secara In-vitro(Cudrania JavanensisTrécul)]

Cudrania javanensis generally used as natural dyes in Indonesia, but limitedis known about its biological activities. The study aimed to assess in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of C. javanensis crude extracts. The antioxidant properties of crude extracts were determined by the DPPH free radical and ABTS method. Methanol and water extracts were also evaluated for their antimicrobial activities toward strain of Gram positivebacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that C. javanensis wood methanol extract exhibited good antioxidant activity than water extract, which against DPPH radical with IC50of 12.23±1.43 μg/mL, andscavenging to ABTS radical about 964.69±15.05 mg trolox equivalent/g at 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. However, both of extracts did not possess activity toward antibacterial assay. This study indicated that methanol and water extracts from C. javanensis wood could be used as natural antioxidant resources