The hydraulics revolution: Science and technical design of urban water supply in the enlightenment.

In the later half of the eighteenth century, French engineer-scientists revolutionized hydraulics. Funded by Royal research programs, these experimenters formulated predictive equations for flow velocities and quantities. Their results were published throughout Europe and America, causing a distinct change in the practice of designing aqueducts. Case studies of aquaeducts for Edinburgh in 1721 and New York City in 1838 detail the changes in the practice of hydraulic design. A comparison of these two examples illustrates the practical effects of the new hydraulic formulas. These are presented in chronological order, along with the details of the French research programs which so altered hydraulic theory

REPENSAR A RAÇA NO BRASIL

This essay is a critical view of the main racial theories that have beendeveloped, in Brazil, since the sixties. While accepting many aspects, it rejectsthose considered as inadaquete. It is argued that such an interpretation opens thepath to a new approach, based on the theory of racial formation. In the conclusion,this perspective is presented and it is suggested that it is necessary to develop amore refined account of the changes of racial order in contemporary Brazil.Moreover, the theory of racial formation is able to contribute both to theinterpretation of the persistence of racial inequalities as well as the possibilitiesopened by democratic transition.Cet essai présente une vision critique des theories les plus importantes sur larace, développées à partir des années 1960, au Brésil. On acccpte de nombreuscsperceptions, et on reejette ses aspects considerés depasses. L'argumcnt principal cstqu'une telle interprétation rend possible une nouvelle vuc sur la théorie de laformation raciale. Dans la conclusion, on suggère qu'une vision plus fine destransformations de l'ordre racial au Brésil contemporain est nécessaire. La théoriede la formation raciale peut bien contribuer à interpreter le mantient des inégalitésraciales aussi bien que les possibilités ouvertes par la transition vers la democratic.Este ensaio pretende fazer uma leitura crítica das principais teorias sobre raça no Brasil a partir dos anos I960, aceitando muitas de suas percepções e rejeitando as suas inadequações. O argumento é que a reinterpretação ergue o cenário para uma nova abordagem, baseada na teoria da formação racial. Na conclusão do trabalho esta perspectiva é apresentada, sugerindo uma' visão mais acurada das transformações da ordem racial no Brasil contemporâneo. Pois a teoria da formação racial pode tanto interpretar a persistência das desigualdades raciais e a constante evidência das diferenças raciais, como as novas possibilidades abertas pela transição à democracia

‘Wandering and settled tribes’: biopolitics, citizenship, and the racialized migrant

This paper argues that purportedly outdated racial categories continue to resonate in contemporary forms of racialization. I examine the use of metaphors of rootedness and shadows by a contemporary UK migrant advocacy organization and its allies to justify migrant regularization and manage illicit circulation. I argue that the distinction between rooted and rootless peoples draws on the colonial and racial distinctions between wandering and settled peoples. Contemporary notions of citizenship continue to draw upon and activate racial forms of differentiation. Citizenship is thus part of a form of racial governance that operates not only along biological but also social and cultural lines, infusing race into the structures, practices, and techniques of governance

Is Racism Global?

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Blinded by Sight: The Racial Body and the Origins of the Social Construction of Race

Osagie K. Obasogie's Blinded by Sight: Seeing Race through the Eyes of the Blind (2014) makes important contributions to both to the sociology of law and to critical race studies. The book challenges “colorblind” racial ideology by showing empirically that people who are blind from birth nevertheless “see” race, grasping it as a nearly omnipresent feature of social interaction and social organization. These insights, however, do not diminish the importance of the racial body. Beyond refuting colorblindness, Obasogie's book points to a neverending tension, embedded in what we call racial formation, between the social construction of race and the corporeality of race. This tension has been present since the dawn of empire and African slavery. Obasogie's achievement of falsifying colorblindness should not lead us to neglect the importance of the racial body