Native Trees and Shrubs of South Dakota

In the course of our study of the flora of South Dakota during the past two years, a large amount of material relating to the woody plants has been gathered together. A portion of this is included in this bulletin. This report is published with .a two-fold object in view. It is hoped that it· will stimulate a closer study of our trees and shrubs and their distribution throughout the state, and also serve to some extent as a guide in the selection of plants for planting. A knowledge of the trees and shrubs growing naturally in a given region will enable one to make a better selection of kinds suitable to the existing conditions. Additions or corrections to this list will be thankfully received, and specimens of woody plants from all parts of the state are solicited

Botany

During the past two years many inquiries have been received regarding the possible injurious nature of various plants. In many cases such poisonous plants as rattlebox, and the “loco weeds have been sent, while in many others, perfectly harmless plants have been sent to us with assurances of their injurious nature. With a view to calling attention to a few plants that are quite certainly injurious the present bulletin has been issued. It will serve as a preliminary step towards a full investigation of all PLANTS INJURIOUS to STOCK found in our state. It is hoped that stockmen and farmers throughout the state will aid in the work by reporting cases of certain or possible injury done by plants and by sending specimens of plants suspected

Native and Introduced Forage Plants

The true grasses are one of the most valuable families of plants. To them belong the small grains (oats, wheat, barley, etc.,), corn, the various sorts of cane, the great bamboo of Asia, and a host of other plants of more or Jess importance to man or beast. In the great prairie regions of the United States the grasses form by far the greater part of the natural vegetation and constitute one of the most valuable of the natural resources as well. In our own state of South Dakota stock-raising- has been one of the leading industries ever since its settlement, and will continue to be so for years to come. The state, as a whole, is peculiarly well adapted to stock-raising and dairying. One of the most important elements in this fitness is the great richness of the grass flora and of the native species in particular. About one hundred and sixty species of grasses are known to grow within the limits of the state. Of these, about one hundred and five are native to the soil, the remainder being found either under cultivation or introduced some other way. Some of them are weeds, but the majority are more or less useful as forage plants

Design and application of a multi-modal process tomography system

This paper presents a design and application study of an integrated multi-modal system designed to support a range of common modalities: electrical resistance, electrical capacitance and ultrasonic tomography. Such a system is designed for use with complex processes that exhibit behaviour changes over time and space, and thus demand equally diverse sensing modalities. A multi-modal process tomography system able to exploit multiple sensor modes must permit the integration of their data, probably centred upon a composite process model. The paper presents an overview of this approach followed by an overview of the systems engineering and integrated design constraints. These include a range of hardware oriented challenges: the complexity and specificity of the front end electronics for each modality; the need for front end data pre-processing and packing; the need to integrate the data to facilitate data fusion; and finally the features to enable successful fusion and interpretation. A range of software aspects are also reviewed: the need to support differing front-end sensors for each modality in a generic fashion; the need to communicate with front end data pre-processing and packing systems; the need to integrate the data to allow data fusion; and finally to enable successful interpretation. The review of the system concepts is illustrated with an application to the study of a complex multi-component process

An Investigation of the Effects of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles on Photopolymer Resin for Use in PolyJet Direct 3D Printing

The addition of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles to additive manufacturing (AM) media provides the opportunity to create artifacts with complex geometry that also have unique optical characteristics. However, the addition of nanoparticles can significantly alter the rheology of a material and make it difficult to process in an AM context. In this study, quantum dots were added to a photopolymer resin in varying mass ratios to photopolymer, and their effects on the viscosity, surface tension, and jetting ability of the suspension were investigated. Results show that printability was not significantly affected by the presence of quantum dots in mass concentrations less than or equal to 0.5%. The nanosuspensions were deposited via inkjet to demonstrate the feasibility of creating optically-unique artifacts.Mechanical Engineerin

Building Creameries and Organization of Co-operative Creamery Companies

In view of the fact that many letters have been received at the college during the past few months asking for information and advice as to the best methods of organizing co-operative creamery companies, and building and equipping creameries, the following bulletin has been prepared and published: In organizing a co-operative creamery company the first thing to be done is to secure the assurance of the milk from at least three hundred cows. It would not be wise to go on with plans for building a creamery unless the milk from that number of cows can be obtained. Having made sure that there will be an adequate supply of milk, the stock may be subscribed. The shares may consist of from ten to fifty dollars each according to existing conditions. There are generally enough farmers in a community who can pay cash for their shares to supply money to make the first payment on the plant. Those who have little ready money can be allowed to pay a certain percentage in cash and the remainder in monthly installments to be deducted from their share of the creamery receipts. Having secured enough stockholders, a corporation is formed, directors elected, and they are authorized to draft articles of incorporation and apply to the state for a charter. The following are the articles of incorporation adopted by the Brookings Co-operative Creamery Company

Potato Scab. Three Injurious Insects

During the seasons of 1894 and 1895 a series of experiments on the treatment of potato scab were carried out at the station farm. There were two primary objects in conducting these experiments: first, to test the practicability of certain methods of treatment, particularly in land already infested with scab; second, to test the power of the various varieties to resist the disease, and also their behavior toward certain fungicides. The fungicides used were corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury), bordeaux mixture and eau celeste. The seed was treated by immersion before cutting and by spraying after being dropped into the furrow. In one series of plats the land was known to be infested with scab, having been planted to potatoes for at least five consecutive seasons and producing a crop more or less badly scabbed. In the other series the land had never been planted to potatoes and was therefore supposedly free from the fungus producing the scab. The season of 1894 was so dry that the conditions were very unfavorable for the development, either of the potatoes or of the scab-fungus. As a result the yield was very light, and, with but few exceptions very little scab was found, even in the infested land. The difference between treated and untreated plats was not very marked, what there was being in favor of the former. The experiments of the past season were much more satisfactory and show some very interesting facts. The tables which follow give the results of the experiments on infested ground

Forestry and Fungi

The season of 1891 has been favorable for forest tree growth at the Experiment Station. The oldest planted plats begin to assume something of the nature of trees, and to illustrate characteristics of growth in the different species that seem to indicate their ultimate utility in this region. Observations have been made during the year upon the rate of growth of the different species, more especially with a view to determining what trees will quickest form leaf canopy and thus require least cultivation. This is a matter of supreme importance to the farmer tree planter unlike the nurseryman, or the forester, the farmer\u27s tree planting must, in the nature of his vocation be one of many operations and it is usually the last to receive attention. In a very excellent bulletin recently issued from the Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture on “What is Forestry? Chief of Division Fernow proposes as an experiment to simply break the sod in June, and sow millet or oats thickly to make a close stand; this will secure a return for the labor of breaking. The millet should be cut with a high stubble, which may be expected to catch the winter snow, keep down weed-growth, and act as a mulching the next season. Plant next spring as early as possible, in trenches, without disturbing the ground between trenches and most likely cultivation will not be necessary the first season, while the second season, with our dense planting, the trees should be able to help themselves. This method is suggested more for the Sand Hill region of Nebraska than for localities having a stiff clay subsoil. It is certainly very different from our ordinary practices, and if successful generally should act as a great impetus to tree planting, as it reduces the work to a minimum. The reason why it is introduced here, is not to recommend it, but only to indicate a fundamental principle in forest planting: the necessity of securing a shade for the ground at the earliest possible moment. So far as the method suggested by Prof. Fernow is concerned, it would seem impracticable in this state, where the grasses quickly take uncultivated ground, and where the ordinary rainfall is not sufficient to insure the vigorous growth trees would have to make to overcome the grasses and weeds. However, it is an experiment easily tried, and planters would get some interesting experience by devoting a small plat to the work

Fungous Diseases, Insect Pests, Fungicides and Insecticides

This attacks both leaves and fruits and often also the young twigs. Though the fungus grows on both sides of the leaf it is most conspicuous on the upper surface. It appears as a network of fine greenish brown or blackish filaments and causes the leaves to become discolored, curl up and fall off. On the fruit it produces irregular, dark greenish brown, velvety blotches and while not causing any great amount of decay, hinders growth and deforms the fruit. In very bad cases young fruit shrinks up and falls off

Segmental relaxation in semicrystalline polymers: a mean field model for the distribution of relaxation times in confined regimes

The effect of confinement in the segmental relaxation of polymers is considered. On the basis of a thermodynamic model we discuss the emerging relevance of the fast degrees of freedom in stimulating the much slower segmental relaxation, as an effect of the constraints at the walls of the amorphous regions. In the case that confinement is due to the presence of crystalline domains, a quasi-poissonian distribution of local constraining conditions is derived as a result of thermodynamic equilibrium. This implies that the average free energy barrier $\Delta F$ for conformational rearrangement is of the same order of the dispersion of the barrier heights, $\delta (\Delta F)$, around $\Delta F$. As an example, we apply the results to the analysis of the $\alpha$-relaxation as observed by dielectric broad band spectroscopy in semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) cold-crystallized from either an isotropic or an oriented glass. It is found that in the latter case the regions of cooperative rearrangement are significantly larger than in the former.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures .ep