The metabolic responses to high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices consumed during recovery from prolonged strenuous exercise

This study investigated the metabolic responses to high glycemic index (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) meals consumed during recovery from prolonged exercise. 8 trained male athletes undertook 2 trials. Following an overnight fast, subjects completed a 90 minute run. Meals were provided 30 minutes and 2 hours following cessation of exercise. The plasma glucose responses to both meals were greater in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. Following breakfast, there were no differences in the serum insulin concentrations between the trials; however, following lunch, concentrations were higher in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. This suggests that the glycemic index of the carbohydrates consumed during the immediate post-exercise period might not be important as long as sufficient carbohydrate is consumed. The high insulin concentrations following a HGI meal later in the recovery period could facilitate further muscle glycogen resynthesis

Improved recovery from prolonged exercise following the consumption of low glycemic index carbohydrate meals

The present study examined the effects of the glycemic index (GI) of post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake on endurance capacity and the metabolic responses during exercise the following day. Nine active males participated in two trials in a randomised crossover design. The experimental protocol was completed over two days. On day 1, subjects completed a 90 min treadmill run at 70% VO2 max (R1). Thereafter, they were supplied with a diet consisting of either high glycemic index (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) CHO and provided 8g CHOkg body mass (BM)-1.On day 2, after an overnight fast, subjects ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2 max (R2). Eight subjects completed both performance runs (R2). Run time to exhaustion during R2 was longer in the LGI trial (108.9 7.4 min) than in the HGI trial (96.9 4.8 min) (p<0.05). Average RER values were higher in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (p<0.05). Fat oxidation rates and free fatty acid concentrations were higher in the LGI trial than the HGI trial (p<0.05). The results of the study suggest that the increased endurance capacity during R2 was largely a consequence of the greater fat oxidation following the consumption of the LGI meals

Education's Challenge

Commencement address given by Clyde Williams, Director of Battelle Memorial Institute, to the Summer 1951 graduating class of The Ohio State University, Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, August 31, 1951

Langerhans cells and the architecture of the epidermis in the chick and mouse

For more than a century, Langerhans cells have been known to occur in the mammalian epidermis. Experimental evidence has shown that their origin is ectodermal (Reams and Tompkins, 1973). Almost nothing ls known of their function. Mackenzie ( 1972) has shown a good correlation between the arrangement of epidermal Langerhans cells in the mouse and the ordered structure of the epidermis into columns. He has suggested that Langerhans cells might serve as an active organizer of epidermal structure. As chickens do not have epidermal Langerhans cells, the present histological study was undertaken to compare the epidermal architecture of chick and mouse skin. As anticipated, Langerhans cells showed a spacial relationship with the columns of cells in the upper epidermis of the mouse. As compared to the mouse, the epidermis of the chick was relatively thin. Although there was extensive dovetailing, especially in the stratum corneum, the cells of the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum were arranged in columns. It appears that in the chick the ordered structure of the upper layers of epidermis not dependent upon the presence of Langerhans cells

The effect of the glycemic index of an evening meal on the metabolic responses to a standard high glycemic index breakfast and subsequent exercise in men

The study investigated the effect of the glycemic index of an evening meal on responses to a standard high glycemic index (HGI) breakfast the following morning. The metabolic responses to exercise 3 hours after breakfast were also investigated. 7 active males completed 2 trials. In each trial, participants were provided with an evening meal on day 1, either HGI or LGI (high or low glycemic index) carbohydrates. On day 2, participants were provided with a standard HGI breakfast, then performed a 60 minute run 3 hours later. Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrates following breakfast were higher in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. During exercise there were no differences in substrate utilization. Results suggest that consuming a single LGI evening meal can improve glucose tolerance at breakfast but the metabolic responses to subsequent exercise were not affected

Organic cathode for a secondary battery

A liquid catholyte for a battery based on liquid metal such as sodium anode and a solid, ceramic separator such as beta alumina (BASE) comprises a mixture of a Group I-III metal salt such as sodium tetrachloroaluminate and a minor amount of an organic carbonitrile depolarizer having at least one adjacent ethylenic band such as 1 to 40 percent by weight of tetracyanoethylene. The tetracyanoethylene forms an adduct with the molten metal salt