Long-term evolution of highly alkaline steel slag drainage waters

© 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. The disposal of slag generated by the steel industry can have negative consequences upon the surrounding aquatic environment by the generation of high pH waters, leaching of potentially problematic trace metals, and rapid rates of calcite precipitation which smother benthic habitats. A 36-year dataset was collated from the long-term ambient monitoring of physicochemical parameters and elemental concentrations of samples from two steel slag leachate-affected watercourses in northern England. Waters were typified by elevated pH ( > 10), high alkalinity, and were rich in dissolved metals (e.g. calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al), and zinc (Zn)). Long-term trend analysis was performed upon pH, alkalinity, and Ca concentration which, in addition to Ca flux calculations, were used to highlight the longevity of pollution arising as a result of the dumping and subsequent leaching of steel slags. Declines in calcium and alkalinity have been modest over the monitoring period and not accompanied by significant declines in water pH. If the monotonic trends of decline in alkalinity and calcium continue in the largest of the receiving streams, it will be in the region of 50–80 years before calcite precipitation would be expected to be close to baseline levels, where ecological impacts would be negligible

FUEL-INSULATION TRADEOFFS FOR ARKANSAS BROILER HOUSES

Livestock Production/Industries,

The Influence of Turner\u27s Frontier Thesis Upon American Religious Historiography

Frederick Jackson Turner exercised considerable influence among American religious historians during the first four decades of the twentieth century, especially at the University of Chicago\u27s Divinity School, William Warren Sweet, the father of American church history, became the major religious popularizer and adherent of Turner\u27s frontier thesis. Sweet\u27s professional secular training and adaptation of the frontier thesis in historiography allowed him to make church history a respectable academic study among American secular historians. After the Second World War American historiography underwent a shaking of its progressive foundations, and a similar parallel was found in religious historiography. The New Church History advanced considerably beyond Sweet\u27s adaptation of the frontier thesis, especially in the writings of Sidney E. Mead, a Sweet student. By the 1950\u27s consensus assumptions in historiography dominated both religious and secular American historiography. A flourishing of religious history about minority and ethnic groupings was another indicator of historians going beyond the frontier thesis. Such an advancement exemplified the shedding of Turner\u27s Anglo-Saxon bias, and in Sweet\u27s case an Anglo- Saxon-Protestant bias by American religious historians

To Require That a Majority of the Supreme Court Determine the Outcome of Any Case Before It

Working within the authorization of Legislative Bill 244 of the 1969 Legislature, the Nebraska Constitutional Revision Commission drafted a proposed Nebraska Constitution which it submitted to the people, the governor, and the legislature on September 24, 1970. One of the major recommendations concerning the judicial article was to eliminate the requirement that five judges (one more than a majority) must concur to declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional. Under the proposed constitution, a majority of the members sitting would pronounce a decision in all cases. The commission could find no good reason to keep the extraordinary majority provision. After almost forty-seven years of dormancy, Nebraska\u27s five judge rule has determined the outcome in three significant series of appeals: State v. Cavitt; DeBacker v. Brainard and DeBacker v. Sigler; State ex rel. Belker v. Board of Educational Lands and Funds and State ex rel. Bessey v. Board of Educational Lands and Funds. Following an analysis of the history of the present judicial article and a consideration of the constitutionality of the five judge rule, these recent Nebraska cases are examined along with cases from other states that have felt the thrust of a similar constitutional restriction. Finally, a balance sheet of the advantages and disadvantages of such a restraint on judicial authority is drawn and appraised

To Require That a Majority of the Supreme Court Determine the Outcome of Any Case Before It

Working within the authorization of Legislative Bill 244 of the 1969 Legislature, the Nebraska Constitutional Revision Commission drafted a proposed Nebraska Constitution which it submitted to the people, the governor, and the legislature on September 24, 1970. One of the major recommendations concerning the judicial article was to eliminate the requirement that five judges (one more than a majority) must concur to declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional. Under the proposed constitution, a majority of the members sitting would pronounce a decision in all cases. The commission could find no good reason to keep the extraordinary majority provision. After almost forty-seven years of dormancy, Nebraska\u27s five judge rule has determined the outcome in three significant series of appeals: State v. Cavitt; DeBacker v. Brainard and DeBacker v. Sigler; State ex rel. Belker v. Board of Educational Lands and Funds and State ex rel. Bessey v. Board of Educational Lands and Funds. Following an analysis of the history of the present judicial article and a consideration of the constitutionality of the five judge rule, these recent Nebraska cases are examined along with cases from other states that have felt the thrust of a similar constitutional restriction. Finally, a balance sheet of the advantages and disadvantages of such a restraint on judicial authority is drawn and appraised