4,082 research outputs found
STIMULUS-RESPONSE IN THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION
Mixed lymphocyte reactions occur when mouse spleen cell populations depleted of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes are cultured with allogeneic target cells inactivated by mitomycin C or X irradiation, and when F1 hybrid responder cells are cultured with inactivated parental target cells. These responses might be interpreted as indicating that T lymphocytes are not required for responsiveness and that F1 lymphocytes recognize parental alloantigens. Data reported here indicate that the more likely explanation for these surprising results is that inactivated target cells recognize the "responding" cells and this recognition leads to the response observed
Crystal structures of four indole derivatives as possible cannabinoid allosteric antagonists
Acknowledgements We thank the EPSRC National Crystallography Service (University of Southampton) for the data collections and the EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service (University of Swansea) for the HRMS data. We thank John Low for carrying out the Cambridge Database survey.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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Is Segmental Interference Position-dependent?
The paper investigates the existence of position-independent
segments in written and typed word production. In two
experiments, we employed the segmental interference effect to
first replicate past findings that naming a picture is more
difficult in the context of another picture with which it shares
segments in the same position (e.g., glow-flow) compared to
an unrelated word (e.g., glow-cave). We then tested a new
condition, in which the same target word is paired with an
anagram of the original competitor (glow-wolf). Critically, the
anagram shared the same number of segments with the target
word, but never in the same position. Both experiments found
robust interference for targets produced in the context of
anagrams, with a magnitude comparable to the interference
induced by the position-overlapping word. The results suggest
that not only are position-independent segments represented in
the production system, but they also play a critical role in
activating segmentally related words and creating competition
during word production
Naturalness vs. Predictability: A Key Debate in Controlled Languages
Abstract. In this paper we describe two quite different philosophies used in developing controlled languages (CLs): A "naturalist " approach, in which CL interpretation is treated as a simpler form of full natural language processing; and a "formalist " approach, in which the CL interpretation is ādeterministicā (context insensitive) and the CL is viewed more as an English-like formal specification language. Despite the philosophical and practical differences, we suggest that a synthesis can be made in which a deterministic core is embedded in a naturalist CL, and illustrate this with our own controlled language CPL. In the second part of this paper we present a fictitious debate between an ardent ānaturalist ā and an ardent āformalistā, each arguing their respective positions, to illustrate the benefits and tradeoffs of these different philosophies in an accessible way. Part I: The Naturalist vs. Formalist Debate
Automation and robotics considerations for a lunar base
An envisioned lunar outpost shares with other NASA missions many of the same criteria that have prompted the development of intelligent automation techniques with NASA. Because of increased radiation hazards, crew surface activities will probably be even more restricted than current extravehicular activity in low Earth orbit. Crew availability for routine and repetitive tasks will be at least as limited as that envisioned for the space station, particularly in the early phases of lunar development. Certain tasks are better suited to the untiring watchfulness of computers, such as the monitoring and diagnosis of multiple complex systems, and the perception and analysis of slowly developing faults in such systems. In addition, mounting costs and constrained budgets require that human resource requirements for ground control be minimized. This paper provides a glimpse of certain lunar base tasks as seen through the lens of automation and robotic (A&R) considerations. This can allow a more efficient focusing of research and development not only in A&R, but also in those technologies that will depend on A&R in the lunar environment
Predictors of short-term clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy
Aims:
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure and QRS prolongation but there is uncertainty about which patient characteristics predict short-term clinical response.
Methods and results:
In an individual patient meta-analysis of three double-blind, randomized trials, clinical composite score (CCS) at 6 months was compared in patients assigned to CRT programmed on or off. Treatmentācovariate interactions were assessed to measure likelihood of improved CCS at 6 months. MIRACLE, MIRACLE ICD, and REVERSE trials contributed data for this analysis (n = 1591). Multivariable modelling identified QRS duration and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as predictors of CRT clinical response (P < 0.05). The odds ratio for a better CCS at 6 months increased by 3.7% for every 1% decrease in LVEF for patients assigned to CRT-on compared to CRT-off, and was greatest when QRS duration was between 160 and 180āms.
Conclusions:
In symptomatic chronic heart failure patients (NYHA class IIāIV), longer QRS duration and lower LVEF independently predict early clinical response to CRT
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